Chapter 5: The Integumentary System

Front 1

cutaneous membrane

Back 1

covers the outer surface of the body.

Front 2

skin functions

Back 2

Protection
Regulation of body temperature
Sensory perceptions
Synthesis of vitamin D
Emotional expression
Blood reservoir

Front 3

2 major layers

Back 3

epidermis, dermis.

Front 4

subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

Back 4

is located underneath the dermis.
It is a loose areolar/adipose C.T. that attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs.

Front 5

epidermis tissues

Back 5

keratinized stratified, squamous epithelium

Front 6

epidermis cells

Back 6

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

Front 7

Keratinocytes

Back 7

make up 90% of the cells. They produce keratin - a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.

Front 8

Melanocytes

Back 8

produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation.

Front 9

Langerhans cells

Back 9

are macrophages that originated in the red bone marrow. They are involved in the immune responses.

Front 10

Merkel cells

Back 10

function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs (receptors).

Front 11

Epidermis Layers

Back 11

Deepest, intermediate, superficial

Front 12

Deepest layer (Stratum Basale/Germinativum)

Back 12

Basal cells-continuous cell division produces all the other layers above it
Form ridges that extend into deeper dermis
Melanocytes
keratinocytes

Front 13

Intermediate Layers

Back 13

Tightly fitting, dying keratinocytes
Langerhans cells
Projections of melanocytes

Front 14

Superficial layers (Stratum Corneum)

Back 14

Dominated by dead, flattened keratinocytes, containing mainly keratin

Front 15

Skin Pigments

Back 15

Melanin is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basal which project superficially.

Melanin is secreted in granules and taken up by the more superficial keratinocytes where the pigment protects the nuclei from UV damage

Front 16

Carotene

Back 16

Yellow-orange pigment
Found in the stratum corneum, dermis, and subcutaneous layer

Front 17

Hemoglobin

Back 17

Produce “red” tones in the skin
Located in erythrocytes flowing through dermal capillaries

Front 18

Dermis

Back 18

The dermis is composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Front 19

Dermis Regions

Back 19

Papillary Region, Reticular Region

Front 20

reticular region

Back 20

consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
Tears or excessive stretching in this region cause stretch marks (also called striae).

Front 21

papillary region

Back 21

lies just below the epidermis and consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and elastic fibers, dermal papillae (including capillary loops), corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings.

Front 22

tension lines

Back 22

Lines of cleavage in the skin that indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

Front 23

Epidermal ridges

Back 23

Reflect contours of the underlying dermal papillae and form the basis for fingerprints (and footprints).
Function to increase firmness of grip by increasing friction

Front 24

subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

Back 24

attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs.
contains blood vessels and nerves in transit to the more superficial layers.
also contains lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles that detect deep external pressure applied to the skin.

Front 25

sensory receptors superficially

Back 25

Merkel discs, free nerve endings (detect many stimuli), Meissner corpuscles, and hair root plexuses

Front 26

sensory receptors deep

Back 26

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 27

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Back 27

are connected to hair follicles.They secrete an oily substance called sebum into the follicle which does 2 important things:
Prevents dehydration of hair
and skin
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria

Front 28

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

Back 28

Eccrine sweat glands, Apocrine sweat glands.

Front 29

Eccrine sweat glands

Back 29

are located all over the body and secrete a watery solution that helps to cool the body, eliminates small amounts of waste and responds to stress

Front 30

Apocrine sweat glands

Back 30

are located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded facial regions of adult males. They secrete a slightly viscous sweat ~ body odor and sexual excitement

Front 31

decubitus ulcer

Back 31

type of pressure ulcers (“bed sore”)