Chapter 5 - Short-Term Working Memory

Front 1

Hvor mange tal/bogstaver kan mennesket lagre i kortidshukommelsen?

Back 1

7 +/- 2

Front 2

- Hvordan kan mennesket overkomme at huske mere end 7 +/- 2 bogstaver/tal


- Hvad kræver recoding

Back 2

anvende:
- Chunking (sammensætning, telefonnummer etc)
- Recoding (eks. 3-2-4 4-1-2 > lavet 2 sammensætninger)

- nok tid og ressourcer og/eller veldifeneret skema

Front 3

- Hvad gør, at vi glemmer fra korttidshukommelsen?




- Hvad mente Wright og Reodiger at dårligere score skyldes?

Back 3

- Decay (forsinkelse af tid > får vist bogstaver > går lang tid før testen)
- Interference

- Interference

Front 4

Hvilken slags interference findes der?

Back 4

- Proactive interference (PI):
når gammelt materiale forstyrre fremad i tid ved genkaldes af nuværende stimulus

retroactive interference (RI): Nyt materiale forstyrre bagud i tid med genkaldes af ældre ting

Front 5

Hvad er "release from PI"

Back 5

When the decline in performance caused by proactive interference is reversed bacause of a switch in the to-be-remembered stimuli

Front 6

Serial position curve

Back 6

Grafen der viser "enhed-for-enhed" akkuratheden af en genkaldelse opgave
- 3 referere så til item 3 i listen

Front 7

Hvilke slags genkaldeser er der?

Back 7

- Free recall (recall in any order)
- Serial recall (recall the list items in their original order of presentation)

Front 8

- Primacy effect

- Recency effect

Back 8

- accuract of recall for the early list positions

- level of correct recall on the final items of the originally presented list. (så er der "high" and "low" recency effects)

Front 9

Hvad galdt for ekstra tid til genkaldes i testen?

Back 9

- ekstra tid var godt for at mennesker kunne lagre de tidlige enheder bedre i LTM > MEN: dårligt for recent items, da disse hurtigere blev tabt i KTH

Front 10

Hvordan mente Sternberg, at man mennesker søgte i kortidshukommelsen?

Back 10

- via en PROCESS MODEL > a flowchart of the four seperate mental processes that occured during the timed portion of every trail

Front 11

Hvilke stadier bestod Sternbergs 4 trins model af?

Back 11

- Encoding
- Scan and comparison with memory set items
- Binary (yes/no) decision
- Execute motor response

Front 12

- Hvilke søgninger overvejde Sternberg?



- Hvilken slags søgning troede Sternberg selv på?

Back 12

- Seriel
- Parallel
- Seriel udtømmende

- Seriel udtømmende

Front 13

- Begræsninger ved Sternberg's konklusion

Back 13

- bl.a. Baddeley mente, at processen kunne være parallel selv om reaktionstiden steg som funktion af antal bogstaver (som batterier på mindre kraft)

Front 14

- Komponenterne af arbejdshukommelsen

Back 14

- central executive
- phonological loop
- visuospatial sketch pad
- episodic buffer

Front 15

Man mente, at hjerneområder ansvarlige for perception også var ansvarlige for wokring memory > hvilke områder der det?

Back 15

- Posterior (back) of the brain > left parietal lab ,"", three frontal sites ,"", left supplementary motor area (SMA) AND premotor area

Front 16

Hvad står central executive for?

Back 16

- planning future actions, initiating retrieval and decision processes as necessary AND integrationg information coming into the system
-- aktivere slavesystemer og sætter processer igang

Front 17

- Hvad står phonological loop for?



- Hvad består phonological loop af?

Back 17

- the speech- and sound-related component responsible for rehearsal of verbal information and phonological processing.

- Phonological store:
a passive store component of the phonological loop > this holds on the verbal information
-- like inner ear (hear)

- articulatory loop:
the part of the phonological loop involved in the active refreshing of information in the phonological store
-- like inner voice (say)

Front 18

Word lenght effect

Back 18

- finding thtat the longer the words are that people need to remember, the fewer they can remember
-- people can remember fewer multi syllable words
-- shorter words take less time to rehearse

Front 19

Articulatory supression effect

Back 19

- the finding that people have poorer memory for a set of words if they are asked to say something while they are trying to remember

Front 20

Phonological similarity effect

Back 20

the finding that memory is poorer when people need to remember a set of words that are phonologically similar, compared to a set of words that are phonologically dissimilar
-- similar words can become confused in phonological store

Front 21

Visuo spatial sketch pad gør?

Back 21

- et system som er specialiseret for visuel og spital information
-- vedholder visuelt billede

Front 22

Episodic buffer

Back 22

- is the portion of working memory where information from different modalities and sources are bound tighter to form new episodic memories
-- the part of working memory where the all-important chunking process occurs

Front 23

Hvordan kommer vi/får adgang/info om working memory?

Back 23

- Dual tasks (two tasks at a time)

- Working memory span (folks kapacitet i working memory)

Front 24

Sammenhæng mellem kapacitet og opmærksomhed

Back 24

overordnede konklusion:
- low-span people: seemed to have difficulty blocking out or inhibiting attention to the distracting information in the unattended message
- high-span: omvendt

- High-span giver mere konsistente svar + solve more syllgisms than low-span people

- wokring memory span routinely correlates strongly with overall measures of intelligence, espicially so-called fluid intelligence (the ability to reason and solve novel problems)