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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Orienting reflex |
The tendency of an organism to orient it's senses toward unexpected stimuli |
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Habituation |
The tendency of an organism to ignore repeated stimuli |
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Dishabituation |
Re-responding to a stimulus to which one has been habituated |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
A stimulus that naturally elicts a response in an organism |
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Unconditioned response |
The response that is elicted by an unconditioned stimulus |
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Neutral stimulus |
A stimulus that does not naturally elict an unconditioned response in an organism |
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Conditioned stimulus |
A stimulus that elicts a conditional response in an organism |
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Conditioned respone |
The response that is elicted by a conditioned stimulus |
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Operant conditioning |
A type of learning in which the organism learns through the consequences of its behavior |
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Partial reinforcement |
Rewarded for every instances of the desired response |
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Fixed ratio schedule |
Rewarded for every xth instance of the desired response |
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Variable ratio schedule |
Rewarded on average for every xth instance of the desired response |
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Fixed interval schedule |
Rewarded for the first desired response in the xth interval of time |
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Variable interval schedule |
Rewarded for the first desired response in an average xth interval of time |
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Latent learning |
Learning that cannot be directly observed in an organisms behavior |
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4 step process of learning |
1. Attention 2. Retention in memory 3. Reproduction of the behavior 4. Motivation |
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Cognition |
The way in which we use and store information in memory |
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Superordinate category |
The highest, most general level of a concept |
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Basic level category |
The lowest level of categorization, we use most to think about our world |
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Subordinate category |
The lowest level of categorization, less general and more specific than the basic level |
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Algorithm |
A method of solving a particular problem that always leads to the correct solution |
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Heuristic |
A shortcut that may or may not lead to a correct solution to the problem |
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Deductive reasoning |
Reasoning from the general to the specific |
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Inductive reasoning |
Reasoning from the specific to the general |
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Phoneme |
The smallest unit of sound in a language |
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Morpheme |
The smallest unit of sound in language that has meaning |
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Whorfian hypothesis |
Theory that one's language can directly determine or influence ones thoughts |
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Genotype |
Inherited genetic pattern for a given trait |
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Phenotype |
Actual characteristic that results from interaction of the genotype and environmental influences |
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Encoding |
The act of inputting information into memory |
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Retrieval |
The process of accessing information in memory and pulling it into consciousness |
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Explicit memory |
The conscious use of memory |
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Implicit memory |
The unconscious use of memory |
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Maintenance rehearsal |
Repeating information over and over again to keep it in short term memory for an extended period of time |
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Elaboration rehearsal |
Forming associations or links between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in long-term memory so as to facilitate the transfer of this new information into long-term memory |
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Primacy effect |
The tendency to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words that appear in the middle of the list |
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Recency effect |
The tendency to recall words from the end of a list better than words that appear in the middle of the list |
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Episodic memory |
Memory for the recent events in our lives |
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Semantic memory |
Long-term, declarative memory for conceptual information |
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Declarative memory |
Long-term, include episodic and semantic memory |
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Procedural memory |
Long-term memory for skills and behaviors |
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Retrograde amnesia |
One is unable to retrieve previously stored memories from long term memory |
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Anterograde |
One is unable to store new memories in long-term memory |
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Proactive interference |
Forgetting that occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces |
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Retroactive interference |
Forgetting that occurs when newer memory traces inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces |
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Falashbulb memory |
Detailed And Seemingly Accurate Memory For An emotionally charged event |
