Chapter 5

Front 1

Name the three types of connective tissue in bone.

Back 1

-Bone
-Ligaments
-Cartilage

Front 2

Is bone living or nonliving?

Back 2

Nonliving

Front 3

Name five functions of bone.

Back 3

-Support
-Movement
-Protection
-Formation of blood cells
-Mineral storage

Front 4

DIAPHYSIS

Back 4

Cylindrical shaft

Front 5

EPIPHIYSIS

Back 5

Enlarged knob at each end of long bone

Front 6

PERIOSTEM

Back 6

Tough connective tissue layer that covers outer surface of bone

Front 7

CARTILAGE

Back 7

Covers end of long bones forming movable joints

Front 8

SPONGY BONE

Back 8

Less dense than compact bone; light but strong; latticework of hard strong trabeculae; composed of calcium and living cells

Front 9

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Back 9

Fat for energy

Front 10

Long bones that interact to form movable joints are covered on the ends by ____ that serves to reduce _____ between the bones.

Back 10

-Cartilage
-Friction

Front 11

In compact bone, cylindrical structures composed of layers of osteocytes and extracellular material are called ____.

Back 11

Osteon

Front 12

Osteocytes become trapped in ____ and contact each other via ____ which are thin canals containing extensions of osteocyte ______ and _____ between adjacent cells.

Back 12

-Lacunae
-Canaliculi
-Cytoplasm
-Gap junctions

Front 13

How does nutrition of compact bone differ from nutrition of spongy bone?

Back 13

Compact bone depends on central canals and spongy bone does not

Front 14

Dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone is called a ____. That gives tissue its _____ to joints while permitting ____.

Back 14

-Ligaments
-Strength
-Movement

Front 15

A specialized connective tissue made of collagen/elastic fibers and water is called ____.

Back 15

Cartilage

Front 16

The functions of cartilage in the skeleton are to provide support under _____ and to reduce ____ between bones.

Back 16

-Pressure
-Friction

Front 17

FIBROCARTILAGE

Back 17

Invertebral disks; found in menisci of knee

Front 18

HYALINE

Back 18

Covers ends of mature bones in joints

Front 19

ELASTIC

Back 19

Found in outer ear, epiglottis

Front 20

Name the three types of cartilage in the human skeleton.

Back 20

-Fibrocartilage
-Hyaline
-Elastic

Front 21

Cartilage that withstands pressure and tension

Back 21

Fibrocartilage

Front 22

Cartilage that forms embryonic structures that later become bone

Back 22

Hyaline

Front 23

Cartilage that provides structure to certain body parts and allows flexibility

Back 23

Elastic

Front 24

In the embryo, ____ cartilage is formed by cells called _____.

Back 24

-Hyaline
-Chondroblasts

Front 25

OSSIFICATION

Back 25

The dissolving of cartilage and replacement by bone tissue

Front 26

During ossification, ____ cells die, the matrix breaks down, and blood vessels move in, bringing _____ cells from the periostem. These cells secrete a protein mixture called ____ and enzymes that help deposit ____ crystals known as _____.

Back 26

-Chondroblasts
-Osteoblasts
-Periosteum
-Osteoid
-Calcium phosphate
-Hydroxyapatite

Front 27

Osteoblasts mature into ___ celles that become embedded in ____ in the hardening bone tissue.

Back 27

-Osteocytes
-Lacunae

Front 28

Bones grow in length from a region called ____.

Back 28

-Epiphyseal plate

Front 29

Bones grow in diameter or width as osteoblasts lay down bone beneath the ____.

Back 29

Periosteum

Front 30

At each growth plate, ____ add new cartilage to the outer surface of the growth plate and ____ convert cartilage to bone on the inner surface.

Back 30

-Chondroblasts
-Osteoblasts

Front 31

What two hormones control bone growth?

Back 31

-Estrogen
-Testosterone

Front 32

Bones stop growing in length at age ___ in females and age ___ in males.

Back 32

-18
-21

Front 33

What two cells are involved in bone remodeling and repair?

Back 33

-Osteocytes
-Osteoclasts

Front 34

OSTEOCYTES

Back 34

Mature bone cells that maintain the structure of bone

Front 35

OSTEOCLASTS

Back 35

Bone-dissolving cells

Front 36

What happens if osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity?

Back 36

Develops osteoporosis

Front 37

Two important strategies for preventing osteoporosis are to get plenty of ___ and ____, and maintain a consistent _____ program.

Back 37

-Calcium
-Vitamin D
-Exercise

Front 38

Which hormones regulate calcium homeostasis?

Back 38

-Parathyroid hormone
-Calcitonin

Front 39

CALLUS

Back 39

A fibrocartilage bond between the two fractured ends of a bone

Front 40

List three functions of the human skeleton.

Back 40

-Structural support
-Protection of internal organs
-Allows movement of body parts

Front 41

The skeleton is organized into the ____ and the ____ skeleton.

Back 41

-Axial
-Appendicular

Front 42

AXIAL SKELETON

Back 42

Composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Front 43

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Back 43

Composed of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs

Front 44

List three functions of the axial skeleton.

Back 44

-Protects brains
-Protects spinal cord
-Protects heart and lungs

Front 45

Name the five anatomical regions of the vertebral column and tell the number of vertebrae in each region.

Back 45

-Cervical vertebrae (7)
-Thoracic vertebrae (12)
-Lumbar vertebrae (5)
-Sacrum (5)
-Coccyx (4)

Front 46

INVERTEBRAL DISK

Back 46

-Flat, disk-shaped fibrocartilage with soft, gelatinous center
-Serve as shock absobers and permit limited degree of movement

Front 47

HERNIATED/SLIPPED DISK

Back 47

-Soft, gelatinous center of disk
-Presses on spinal nerves

Front 48

How many pairs of ribs do humans have?

Back 48

12

Front 49

Describe how each pair of ribs attaches to the sternum or breastbone.

Back 49

-(1-7); attach via cartilage to sternum
-(8-10); join to 7th rib by cartilage
-(11-12); do not attach to sternum

Front 50

Why are the eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs called "floating ribs"?

Back 50

-Do not attach to the sternum

Front 51

The rib cage composed of the ___, ____, and part of the _____. It protects the ____ and ____ and assists with _____.

Back 51

-Ribs
-Sternum
-Vertebral column
-Heart
-Lungs
-Breathing

Front 52

The pectoral girdle and arms connect to the body by ____ and _____.

Back 52

-Shoulder blade
-Collar bone

Front 53

The shoulder region or ____ girdle attaches the arms to the trunk and is composed of the ____ or collarbone and the ____ or shoulder blade.

Back 53

-Pectoral
-Clavicle
-Scapula

Front 54

List three functions of the pelvic girdle.

Back 54

-Attaches legs to trunk
-Supports weight of body
-Protects organs inside pelvic cavity

Front 55

Points of contact between bones are called ____ or _____.

Back 55

-Joints
-Articulations

Front 56

Name the three types of joints.

Back 56

-Fibrous joints
-Cartilagenous joints
-Synovial joints

Front 57

Which type of joint is the most freely movable?

Back 57

Synovial joint

Front 58

A synovial joint is composed of two bones joined by ____ and seperated by a fluid-filled cavity. The cavity is lived with a synovial ____ that secretes synovial _____ that cushions and lubricates the joint. The articulating surfaces of the two bones are covered with ___ cartilage that ____ the joint and reduces ____.

Back 58

-Ligaments
-Membrane
-Fluid
-Hyaline
-Cushions
-Friciton

Front 59

The joint ____ is formed by the synovial membrane and hyaline cartilage.

Back 59

Capsule

Front 60

Name two types of synovial joints and give one example of each.

Back 60

-Hinge joint (knee)
-Ball-and-socket (shoulder)

Front 61

Synovial joints are strengthened and stabalized by _____, ____, and _____.

Back 61

-Ligaments
-Tendons
-Muscles

Front 62

LIGAMENTS

Back 62

Bone connects to bone

Front 63

TENDONS

Back 63

Bone connects to muscle

Front 64

SPRAIN

Back 64

A stretched or torn ligament

Front 65

TENDINITIS

Back 65

Inflammation of a tendon

Front 66

BURSITIS

Back 66

Inflammation of a bursa

Front 67

ARTHRITIS

Back 67

Inflammation of joints

Front 68

What is osteoarthritis?

Back 68

Degenerative wear-and-tear of age (cartilage wears out=friction between bones)