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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is learning
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a relatively enduring (permant) change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience.
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what is conditioning
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the process of learning associations between environmental events and behaviorial responses
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classical, which involves:
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automatic responses - most primative
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operant which involves
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the acquisition of new, voluntgary actions
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observational learning, which is how we acquire new behaviors by
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observation of the actions of others
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Ivan pavlov and his research
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studied digestion in dogs. measured rate of salivation and ran a bell before feeding the dogs eventually they learned to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, before the food was presented
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principles of classical conditioning - classical conditioning is a process of learning an:
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association between two stimuli neutral stimulant + natural stimuls = reflexive response
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The natural stimulus that reflexively produces a response without prior learning is the
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unconditioned stimulus UCS
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the reflexive resonse produced by the unconditioned stimulus is the
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Unconditioned resonse UCR
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Implications of Circadian Rhythms and Sunlight
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our bodies donot respond well to artificial light
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what happens when people are deprived of daylight cues
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body sets itself to a 25 hour a day
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What is Jet lag?
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happens when circadin rhyhems are out of synhc which day light and darkess cues.
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what happens to pepole who work night shifts or rotating shifts
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after suffer jet lag symptoms fatigue, irritability difficulty concertrating.
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implications of circadian rhythms and sunlight
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our bodies do not respond well to artificial light
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what is jet lag
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happens when circadian rhythems are out of sych with daylight and darkness
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what happens to people who work night shifts or rotating shifts
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often suffer jet lag symptoms fatigue, irritability, difficulity concentrating
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The dawn of modern sleep research - early beliefs about sleep
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thouht sheep was defined as a period of restful inactive when dreaming sometimes happened
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the original was incorrect - the correct research about sleep
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SLEEP IS DEFINED AS A PERIOD OF RESTFUL ACTIVITY WHEN DREAMING ALWAYS HAPPENS
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The invention of the: in the 1920's changed our whole understanding of sleep
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EEG
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EEG
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allowed sleep researchers to monitor electrical activity of brain during sleep
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in the early 1950 researchers discovered two distinct types of sleep
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we routinely go into 2 basic kinds of sleep REM RAPID EYE MOVEMENT and NREM body's physical functio and brain activity slow down
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the onset of sleep and hypnagogic hallucinations
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Beta brain waves associated with alert awakefulness smallest and fastest brain waves
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alpha brian waves
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in bed starting to sleep associated with relaxed wakefulness - your bodis is not asleep but getting you ready for sleep
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hypnagogic hallucinations
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usually occurs at the beginning of sleep cycle - vivid sensory perceptios during the onset of sleep sensation of falling it someties called the sleep start) is the most common
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Stage 1 NREM sleep
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not ture sleep yet only last a few minutes alpha waves are replaced by slower theta waves
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Stage 2 NREM sleep
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true sleep sleep spindles and K compleses (brief high voltage burst of brain activity)
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Stages 3 and 4 NREM (slow-wave sleep) slow - wave sleep)
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Stage 3 - delta waves (slower about 20% total Stage 4 Delta Waves are aboiut 50% sleeper is totally obvilious
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how long is the average sleep cycle
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about 50-90 minutes (cycle between REM & NREM) REM stages become longer as the night goes on
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how does the quantity and quality of sleep change over our lifespan
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amont of time spent sleeping decreases from birth slow - wave NREM gradually decreases as we age (lower quality)
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why do we sleep
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there is a biological need to sleep - unquestioned all humans and most animals sleep
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Sleep deprivations studies
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after only one night of no sleep, people go into microsleeps sleep sessions tghat last only a few seconds can also sleep with eyes open
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the restorative theory of sleep
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NREM restores the body while REM restores mental and brain functions
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The adaptive (evolutionary) theory of sleep
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sleep pattern evolved to keep animals inactive when it meant safety the longer we are asleep the more REM starts to take over every animal with a back bone sleeps
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what are sleep disorders
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serious disturbances in normal sleep patters that interfer with day time functioning
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common sleep disorder: Insomnia
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The inability fall asleep or stay asleep most commong in adults. The # 1 cause to get insomnia is put yourself under a lot of stress stiumulus control and education on sleep behavior can help
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#2 common sleep disorder: Sleep apnea
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Apnea is a pbysical condition next most common . Sleeper frequently stops breating for a few seconds. most common in middle aged heavhy set men, special mouth pieces weight loss, and surgery a can help.
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#3 common sleep disorder: Sleepwalking and night terrors
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Occurs during dreaming most common in children both occur during NREM Stage 3 & 4 not the same as nightmares, night terrors are feelings of fear and panic unconnected to dreams
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The Nature of Dreams What is dreaming
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A story like episode of imargy during sleep
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Five basic characterics of dreams
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1. emotions are intense 2. content and organization are illogical 3. sensations are bizarre 4. all details uncritically accepted 5. difficult to remember
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when do we dream
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almost always during REM sleep
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The ____ ____ is the originally neutral stimulus that now elicits a reflexive response
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conditioned stimulus (bell)
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The _______ is the learned reflexive response to the previously neutral stimulus.
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conditioned response (salvating) in dog bell example
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the unconditioned and conditioned responses are essentially the same - the more frequenly the CS and UCS are paired, the stronger the association conditioning is most effective when the CS is presented immediately____the UCS
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before
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___________occurs when stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus elicit the CR, even though they have never been paired with the UCS
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stimulus generalization
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________occurs when a particular CR is made to one specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli
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stimulus discrimination
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_________is the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR. It occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without being paired with the UCS
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Extinction
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In the 1920's JOHN B. WATSON, an american psychologist, founded a new school of psychology called ____
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behaviorism
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Watson emphasized the scientific study of _____ and rejected the study of _______.
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behavior / consciousness
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he believed that virtually all human behavior is the result of ____ and ____
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past experiences and environmental influences
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In 1920, Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that:
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classical conditioning could produce an emotional response in humans.
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The subject "little Albert" showed no fear of tame white rats, dogs, etc
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Steel bar (UCT) --> Fear (UCR)
Steel bar (UCS) + white rate (CS) --> Fear (UCR |
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What happened after seven pairings of the steel bar and the white rat?
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The white rats alone produced the fear reaction
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________also occurred, as Albert became fearful of other furry animals and objects
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stimulus generalization
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Why couldn't we replicate this study today
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unethical
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wha is a taste aversion
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a classically conditioned intense dislike for an avoidance of a particular food due to falling ill after eating it
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what principles of classical conditioning are violated in taste aversion
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does not requie pairing; once is enough time span between meal and illness can be hours not just minutes
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what is the evolutionary explanation for taste aversions and phobias
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we are pre wired to form associations between certain stimuli and responses due to survival value involved
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Operant conditioning deals with the learning of _____behaviors that are shaped and mained by their ________.
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active and voluntary / consequences
I do this --->this will happen |
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Edward L. Thorndike and the Law of Effect
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behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened and more likely to occur. Responses followed by an annoying state of affairs are weakened and less likely to occur
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B.F. Skinner and the search for Order in Behavior to Skinner the most important form of learning was demonistrated by behaviors that were_____.
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actively emitted by tghe animal
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Skinner used the term _____to describe any active behavior that opreates upon the environment to generate consequences
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operant
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_________explains learning as a process in which behaviors are shaped and maintained by consequenceds.
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Operant conditioning
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Reinforcment = REWARD
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Increasing Future Behavior
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what is reinforcement
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occurs when a stimulus or event follows a behavior and increases the liklehood of the behavior being repeated
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What is positive reinforcement
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by adding something pleasant to their life
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What is negative reinforcement
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Take away something unpleasant
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what do both positive and negative reinforcement have in common
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both are rewards and increase the chances of the bevior being repeated
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Punishment: using aversive consequences to decrease behavior -- what is punishment
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when behavior is followed by an aversive consequences tghat decreases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated
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how is punishment different from negative reinforcement
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negative reinforcement is a reward and liked by the person punichment is a penalty and disliked
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punishment is more effecive if it _____ and ___ follows a response
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immeditate and consistent
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Drawbacks to punishment:
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doesn't teach a better resonse effects are temporary may have undersirable results
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Shaping and maintaining behavior what is shaping?
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Reinforcing closer and closer attemps of the behavior until the correct one is displayed
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continuous vs. partial reinforcement
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continuous - every occurrance of a particular resonse is reforced. partial reinforcement - only some occurrances of a particular response are reinforced
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what is extinction?
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occurs when the behavior is no longer followed by the reinforcer. The behavior weakens and eventually disappear.
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what is the partial reinforcement effect?
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Behavior conditioned this way are more resistent to extinction
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schedules of reinforcement:
Fixed-ratio (predictable, regular) |
reinforcement occurs after a fixed numbers of resonses
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schedules of reinforcement:
Variable-ratio |
reinforcment occurs after an average number of resonses which varies
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schedules of reinforcement:
Fixed-interval |
reinfcement is delivered for the 1st response emitted after a certian time interal has elapsed.
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schedules of reinforcement:
Variable-interval: |
reinforcement is delivered for the 1st resonse emitted after an average time interral has elapsed wihich varies.
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Operantconditioning and behavior modication
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a form of psychotherapy that uses operant conditioning principles to help oepole change their behavior - by applying operant conditioning we can help children change their behaviors
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Cognitive aspects of operant conditioning (Edward C Tolman)
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both cognative and evalutionary factors are part of operant conditioning
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Cognitive maps
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Rats learning to run a maze have a mental representation of the maze in their minds
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Latent learning
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Reward is not always requied for learning
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Learned Helplessness - what is learned helplessness
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exposure to inescable and uncontrollable aversive events leads to passive behavior
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how does learned helplessness apply to human psychological disorders
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plays a role in depression and some resonses to stress
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observational learning - what is observational learning <-> modeling
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learning that occurs through observing the actions of others
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Albert Bandura and his research
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studied observational learning in children
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what cognitive processeshelp determine if imitation will occur?
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1 mus pay attention to behavior 2 must remember behavior 3 must be capable of imitating 4 must be motivated to imitate behavior
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The actios of another are more likely to be imitated if the person
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1 is attractive and or of high status 2 is rewarded or not punished for behavior
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