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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the brain stem do? |
Regulates both motor and sensory processes and required for consciousness |
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What transmitters have their source in brainstem nuclei? |
Noradrenaline Dopamine Serotonin |
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What are the three main functions of cranial nerves? |
1) Provide motor and general sensory innervation of the skin, muscles, and joints in the head and neck 2) Mediate vision, hearing, olfaction, and taste 3) Parasympathetic innervation of autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, coughing, and swallowing |
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Describe CN I. (Name, Type, and Function) |
Olfactory Sensory Smell |
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Describe CN II. (Type and Function) |
Optic Sensory Sight |
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Describe CN III. (Type and Function) |
Oculomotor Motor Eye movements: all extraocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus; pupillary constriction; accommodation of lens |
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Describe CN IV. (Type and Function) |
Trochlear Motor Eye movements: innervates superior oblique muscle |
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Describe CN V. (Type and Function) |
Trigeminal Mixed Sensory: cutaneous and proprioceptive from face, and sensory information of teeth Motor: muscles of mastication |
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Describe CN VI. (Type and Function) |
Abducens Motor Eye movements: lateral rectus muscle |
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Describe CN VII. (Type and Function) |
Facial Mixed Motor: muscles of facial expression, lacrimal glands, and salivary glands Sensory: taste sensation from anterior two-thirds of tongue, and skin of external ear |
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Describe CN VIII. (Type and Function) |
Vestibulocochlear Sensory Hearing, balance, postural reflexes, and orientation of head in space |
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Describe CN IX. (Type and Function) |
Glossopharyngeal Mixed Autonomic fibers of parotid gland Swallowing; palate and posterior one-third of tongue Sensory: innervates carotid body Taste buds in posterior third of tongue |
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Describe CN X. (Type and Function) |
Vagus Mixed Autonomic fibers of smooth muscle in heart, blood vessels, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, stomach, and intestine Motor: muscles in larynx and pharynx and controls speech Sensory: mediates visceral sensation; taste buds in epiglottis |
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Describe CN XI. (Type and Function) |
Spinal accessory Motor Motor innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
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Describe CN XII. (Type and Function) |
Hypoglossal Motor Motor innervation of intrinsic muscles of tongue |
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What are the two classes of motor neurons in the spinal cord? |
Somatic motor neurons: muscle of the trunk and limbs Visceral (autonomic) motor neurons: ganglion cells of autonomic nervous system |
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What are the two classes of sensory neurons in the spinal cord? |
Somatic afferent neurons Visceral (autonomic) afferent neurons |
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What are the three classes of motor neurons in the brain stem? |
Somatic motor neurons Special visceral motor neurons General visceral motor neurons (parasympathetic) |
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What are the four classes of sensory neurons in the brain stem? |
General somatic afferent Special somatic afferent General visceral afferent Special visceral afferent |
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What is the functional significance of the columnar organization of cranial nerve nuclei? |
1) Similar functions brought into proximity 2) Different functions are affected by local damage |
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Where are the motor nuclei? |
Adjacent to the midline |
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Where is the reticular formation? |
Distributed throughout the medulla, pons, and midbrain |
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What does the reticular formation do? |
Activation of brain for behavioral arousal Controls different levels of awareness Modulates segmental stretch reflexes and muscle tone Breathing and cardiac function Pain |
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What are transmitter groups in the reticular formation? |
Noradrenaline Adrenaline Dopamine Serotonin |
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What are three major monoaminergic systems in the brain stem? |
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin (also epinephrine) |
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Where does the noradrenergic system originate? |
Locus ceruleus and lateral gtegmental nucleus |
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Where does the locus ceruleus project? |
Neocortex |
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Where does the lateral tegmental area supply? |
Brain stem and spinal cord |
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What areas are involved in dopamine? |
Substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum |
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Where do dopaminergic neurons project? |
Striatal areas (voluntary movement) and limbic and cortical areas |
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Where does the serotonergic system originate? |
Raphe nuclei |
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What do raphe nuclei neurons do? |
Modulate spinal sensory and motor neurons Increase excitability of motor Depress nociceptive Septum and hippocampus |
