Chapter 4 Vocab.

Front 1

Backcountry

Back 1

A remote area in the colonies that stretched from Pennsylvania to Georgia

Front 2

Great Awakening

Back 2

A religious revival in America during the eighteenth century.

Front 3

Fort Duquesne

Back 3

A fort established by France in 1754, built at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.

Front 4

King George's War

Back 4

The third of the four French and Indian Wars.

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King William's War

Back 5

Was known as the War of the Grand Alliance, or the Second Indian War.

Front 6

Queen Anne's War

Back 6

The second in the series of the French and Indian War.

Front 7

Albany Plan

Back 7

Created by Ben Franklin to institute a Council of delegates into the colonies.

Front 8

Albany Congress

Back 8

A meeting of representatives from all thirteen colonies in 1754.

Front 9

Seven Years War

Back 9

A conflict mainly between the French and British, commonly known as the French and Indian War.

Front 10

Peace of Paris

Back 10

The treaty that ended the Seven Years War.

Front 11

George Whitefield

Back 11

A Protestant minister who spread his word during the Great Awakening.

Front 12

Jonathan Edwards

Back 12

Preacher and theologian during the Great Awakening.

Front 13

Parliament

Back 13

The system of legislature in Great Britain.

Front 14

William Pitt

Back 14

Known best for his leadership in the French and Indian War.

Front 15

General Braddock

Back 15

was a British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War (1754–1763). He is generally best remembered for his command of a disastrous expedition against the French-occupied Ohio Country in 1755

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entrepots

Back 16

A trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit

Front 17

John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon

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The two most famous Commonwealthmen.

Front 18

John Locke

Back 18

An English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.

Front 19

Pennsylvania Dutch

Back 19

The descendants of Germanic peoples who emigrated to the U.S. (primarily to Pennsylvania), from Southwestern Germany and Switzerland.

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Middle ground

Back 20

Indians' attempt at living on neutral land with the European settlers.

Front 21

Gilbert Tennent

Back 21

One of the leaders of the Great Awakening of religious feeling in Colonial America, along with Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. His most famous sermon, "On the Danger of an Unconverted Ministry" compared anti-revivalistic ministers to the Pharisees described in the gospels.

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Molasses Act

Back 22

An Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 6 Geo II. c. 13), which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies.

Front 23

Charles Chauncy

Back 23

was an Anglo-American clergyman and educator.

Front 24

Cato’s Letters

Back 24

Essays by British writers John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, first published from 1720 to 1723 under the pseudonym of Cato (95-46 BC), the implacable foe of Julius Caesar and a famously stubborn champion of republican principles.

The Letters are considered a seminal work in the tradition of the Commonwealth men. The 144 essays were published originally in the London Journal, later in the British Journal. These newspaper essays condemning tyranny and advancing principles of freedom of conscience and freedom of speech, were a main vehicle for spreading the concepts that had been developed by John Locke. While Lockean, the letters have otherwise been summarized thus:

Front 25

James Davenport

Back 25

was an American clergyman and itinerant preacher noted for his often controversial actions during the First Great Awakening

Front 26

"Old Lights"

Back 26

Typically, if a denomination is changing, and some refuse to change, and the denomination splits, those who did not change are referred to as the "Old Lights"

Front 27

"New Lights

Back 27

Typically, if a denomination is changing, and some refuse to change, and the denomination splits, those who did not change are referred to as the "Old Lights", and the ones who changed are referred to as the "New Lights"

Front 28

Evangelicals

Back 28

Those who preached Evangelism

Front 29

Henry Muehlenberg

Back 29

was a German Lutheran pastor sent to North America as a missionary, requested by Pennsylvania colonists.

Integral to the founding of the first Lutheran church body or denomination in North America, Muhlenberg is considered the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in the United States.

Front 30

Cotton Mather

Back 30

was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer; he is often remembered for his role in the Salem witch trials. He was the son of Increase Mather, and grandson of both John Cotton and Richard Mather, all also prominent Puritan ministers.

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Mestizo

Back 31

is a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent. The term originated as a racial category in the Casta system that was in use during the Spanish empire's control of their American colonies

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Mulatto

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a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry.

Front 33

Transportation Act

Back 33

was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (4 Geo. I cap. 11) long title An Act for the further preventing Robbery, Burglary, and other Felonies, and for the more effectual Transportation of Felons, and unlawful Exporters of Wool; and for declaring the Law upon some Points relating to Pirates.) that established a seven-year penal transportation to North America as a possible punishment for those convicted of lesser felonies, or as a possible sentence that capital punishment might be commuted to by royal pardon

Front 34

Navigation Acts

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a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands

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Benjamin Franklin

Back 35

was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania.

Front 36

Constitution

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is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed

Front 37

What powers did Royal Governors have and not have?

Back 37

Royal governors could regulate taxes, oversee colonial assemblies, and run the colony based on their procedures. The governors could not however, overrule the king's precedents.