Chapter 4: Tissues: The Living Fabric

Front 1

Tissues

Back 1

Group of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

Front 2

Histology

Back 2

Study of tissues

Front 3

Covers

Back 3

Epithelial tissue

Front 4

Supports

Back 4

Connective tissue

Front 5

Produces movement

Back 5

Muscle tissue

Front 6

Controls

Back 6

Nerve tissue

Front 7

Microscopy

Back 7

1. Tissue is fixed (preserved)
2. Cut (sliced thin enough to transmit light or electrons)
3. Stained (enhances contrast)

Front 8

Two types of Epithelium Tissue

Back 8

1. Covering and lining Epithelia
2. Glandular Epithelia

Front 9

Location of Covering and lining epithelia

Back 9

On external and internal surfaces

Front 10

Locations of glandular Epithelia

Back 10

Secretory tissue in glands

Front 11

6 Functions of epithelial tissue

Back 11

1. Protection
2. Absorption
3. Secretion
4. Excretion
5. Filtration
6. Sensory Reception

Front 12

Five characteristics of epithelial tissues

Back 12

1. Polarity
2. Specialized contracts
3. Supported by connective tissues
4. Avascular, but innervate
5. Can regenerate

Front 13

Apical and basal surface

Back 13

Polarity

Front 14

Name the type of polarity surface: May be smooth, most have microvilli, and some have cilia

Back 14

Apical surface

Front 15

Name the type of polarity surface: non cellular basal lamina, glycoproteins and collagen fibers lies adjacent to this surface, adhesive sheet, selective filter, scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair

Back 15

Basal surfaxe

Hint 15

Basal surface

Front 16

Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together forming continuous sheets; bind adjacent cells; tight junctions and desmosomes

Back 16

Specialized contacts

Front 17

Reticular lamina and basement membrane

Back 17

Connective tissue support

Front 18

Reticular lamina

Back 18

Deep to basal lamina; network of collagen fibers

Front 19

Basement membrane

Back 19

Basal lamina and reticular lamina; reinforces epithelial sheet; resists stretching and tearing; defines epithelial boundary

Front 20

No blood vessels in epithelial tissue; must be nourished by diffusion from underlying connective tissues; is supplied by nerve fibers

Back 20

Avascular but innervated

Front 21

High regenerative capacity; stimulated by loss of apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts; if adequate nutrients can replace lost cells by cell division

Back 21

Regeneration

Front 22

Simple epithelia

Back 22

Single layer of cells

Front 23

Stratified epithelia

Back 23

Two or more layers of cells; shape can change in different layers

Front 24

Epithelial tissue that indicates shape of cells

Back 24

1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar

Front 25

Flattened and scalelike; nucleus flattened

Back 25

Squamous cells

Front 26

Boxlike; nucleus round

Back 26

Cuboidal cells

Front 27

Tall; nucleus elongated

Back 27

Columnar cells

Front 28

Functions of Simple Epithelia

Back 28

1. Absorption
2. Secretions
3. Filtration
4. Very thin

Front 29

Cells flattened laterally; cytoplasm sparse; rapid diffusion is priority

Back 29

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 30

Locations of simple squamous epithelium

Back 30

Kidneys, lungs, endothelium, and mesothelium

Front 31

Endothelium

Back 31

The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart

Front 32

Mesothelium

Back 32

The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

Front 33

D: Single layer of cells
F: absorption and secretion
L: forms walls of smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

Back 33

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 34

D: single layer of tall, closely packed cells
F: absorption and secretion
L: lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

Back 34

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 35

D: Cell vary in height; appears stratified but isn't
F: secretion and absorption
L:in the linings of the trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract.

Back 35

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 36

two or more layers; regenerate from below (basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface); more durable; major role is protection

Back 36

Stratified epithelial tissue

Front 37

Most widespread of stratified Epithelia; located for wear and tear

Back 37

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 38

Forms lining of hollow urinary organs; basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar; ability to change shape with stretch

Back 38

Transitional epithelium

Front 39

Gland

Back 39

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called secretion

Front 40

Site of product release (exocrine or endocrine); relative number of cells forming the gland (unicellular or multicellular)

Back 40

Glandular Epithelia

Front 41

Ductless glands; secreted hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs; target organs respond in some characteristic way

Back 41

Endocrine glands

Front 42

Secretions released onto body surfaces or into cavities; more numerous; secrete products into ducts

Ex. Mucous, swear, oil, and salivary glands

Back 42

Exocrine glands

Front 43

The only important glands are mucous cells and goblet cells; found in Epithelia linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts; all produce mucin

Back 43

Unicellular exocrine glands

Front 44

Composed of a duct and a secretory unit; usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue; supplies blood and nerve fibers; extends into and divides gland into lobes

Back 44

Multicellular exocrine glands

Front 45

Secretes products by exocytosis as produced

Back 45

Merocrine

Front 46

Accumulates products within then rupture

Back 46

Holocrine

Front 47

Accumulates products within but only apex ruptures; controversy if exist in humans

Back 47

Apocrine

Front 48

Four types of connective tissues

Back 48

1. Connective proper
2. Bone
3. Cartilage
4. Blood

Front 49

Major functions of connective tissues

Back 49

1. Binding and support
2. Protecting
3. Insulating
4. Storing reserve fuel
5. Transporting substances (blood)

Front 50

Helps cells bear weight, withstand tension, and endure abuse

Back 50

Extracellular matrix

Hint 50

C

Front 51

Three structural elements of connective tissue

Back 51

1. Ground substance
2. Fibers
3. Cells

Front 52

Unstructured material that fills space between cells

Back 52

Ground substance

Front 53

Components of ground substanxe

Back 53

1. Interstitial fluid
2. Cell adhesion proteins (glue)
3. Proteoglycans

Front 54

Three types of fibers that provide support:

Back 54

1. Collagen
2. Elastic fibers
3. Reticular

Front 55

strongest and most abundant; tough; provides high tensile strength

Back 55

Collagen

Front 56

Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

Back 56

Elastic fibers

Front 57

Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; branch, forming networks that offer more "give"

Back 57

Reticular fibers

Front 58

In connective tissue proper

Back 58

Fibroblasts

Front 59

Cells in cartilage

Back 59

Chondroblasts

Front 60

Cells in bibe

Back 60

Osteoblasts

Front 61

Store nutrients

Back 61

Fat cells

Front 62

Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes; tissue response to injurt

Back 62

White blood cells

Front 63

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

Back 63

Mast cells

Front 64

Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; found in immune system

Back 64

Macrophages

Front 65

Two subclasses of connective tissue proper

Back 65

1. Loose connective tissues
2. Dense connective tissues

Front 66

Type of connective tissue proper: Areolar, adipose, reticular

Back 66

Loose connective tissues

Front 67

Type of connective tissue proper: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Back 67

Dense connective tissues (fibrous connective tissues)

Front 68

Support and bind other tissues (universal packing material between other tissues); most widely distributed; provide reservoir of water and salts; defend against infection; store nutrients as fat; fibroblasts

Back 68

Areolar connective tissue

Front 69

White fat (adipocyte-stores nutrients); greater nutrient storage; richly vascularized; shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage; scanty matrix; brown fat

Back 69

Adipose tissue

Front 70

Use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream to produce ATP

Back 70

Brown fat

Front 71

Fibers are reticular; fibroblasts called reticular cells; supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

Back 71

Reticular connective tissue

Front 72

Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull; fibroblasts manufacture fibers and ground substance; few cells; poorly vascularized

Back 72

Dense regular connective tissue

Front 73

Bundles of collagen thicker and irregularly arranged; resists tension from many directions; dermis; fibrous joint capsules; fibrous coverings of some organs

Back 73

Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 74

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes; tough but flexible; lacks nerve fibers; up to 80% water; Avascular

Back 74

Cartilage

Front 75

Receives nutrients from membrane surrounding it

Back 75

Perichondrium

Front 76

Three types of cartilage

Back 76

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage

Front 77

Also called osseous tissue; supports and protects body structures; stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities; more collagen than cartilage; richly vascularized

Back 77

Bone

Front 78

Most atypical connective tissue; erythrocytes; leukocytes; thrombocytes; fibers are soluble proteins that precipitate during clotting; functions in transport

Back 78

Blood

Front 79

Three types of muscle tissue

Back 79

Skeletal; cardiac, smooth

Front 80

Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

Back 80

Neurons

Front 81

Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

Back 81

Neuroglia

Front 82

Main components of nervous system

Back 82

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Front 83

Regulates and controls body functikns

Back 83

Nervous tissue

Front 84

Skin; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; dry membrane

Back 84

Cutaneous membranes

Front 85

Moist membranes bathed by secretions; epithelial sheet lies over layer of connective tissue called lamina propria; all called mucosae

Back 85

Mucous membrane

Front 86

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue; original function restored

Back 86

Regeneration

Front 87

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue; original function lost

Back 87

Fibrosis