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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissue |
collection of cells that function together to carry out specialized activities |
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Tissues can be (3) |
1. Solid (e.g. bone) 2. Semi-solid (e.g. adipose tissue) 3. Liquid (e.g. blood) |
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Pathologists |
specialize in lab studies of cells and tissues and aid physicians in making decisions. |
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Biopsies |
an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of disease
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Autopsy |
an examination of a dead body to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease |
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Types of Body Tissue (4 - describe) |
Epithelial Tissue - covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and forms glands. -Covering and Lining Epithelium: lines and covers body cavities and ducts -Glandular epithelium - forms glands Connective Tissue - protects and supports body and organs. Some bind organs together, some store energy, some transport materials and provide immunity (blood), some support the body (bone) Muscle Tissue - generates physical force to make body move, maintain posture, move substances and produce heat Neural Tissue - detect changes in condition inside & outside body, and responds by generated nerve signals to maintain homeostasis. |
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Five general features of epithelial cells |
1. Cellularity Cell - (Cell junction) - lots of cells 2. Polarity - apical & basal surfaces 3. Attachment - basement membrane or basal lamina 4. Avasculatiry - No blood vessels 5. Regenration - divide & replace |
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Epithelial tissues share four functions |
1. Epithelia 2. Glands 3. Exocrine 4. Endocrine |
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Cell Junction occurs where a cell membrane contacts (2) |
1. cell membrane of a neighboring cell 2. extracellular material |
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Cell Tissues are held together by three types of cell junctions: |
Tight Junctions Gap Junctions Demosomes |
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Tight Junctions |
the outter surfaces of two cells' membranes are fused together |
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Gap Junctions |
Join two cells together, but leave a little gap that joins the cytoplasm of the two one cell to another |
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Demosome (what and where) |
very strong connections made of transmembrane proteins that are connected to the cells cytoskeleton -found in tissues where cells have to withstand a lot of force
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Two types of desmosomes (what and difference) |
Spot Demosome & `Hemidesmosome - half a desmosome, holds bottom to membrane |
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Basement membrane consists of two layer of extracellular material: |
clear layer, dense layer |
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Clear Layer |
secreted by the epithelial cells, consists of glycoproteins and some find protein filamens |
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Dense Layer |
secreted by connective tissue cells, contains many collagen fibers |
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Basement Membranes are important and have many functions: |
1. Support epithelial tissues and 'attach' them to connective tissue 2. Guide cells during growth and repair of tissues 3. Restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue 4. Filter blood in the kidneys |
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Where are stem cells found? |
near the base layer |
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What does a pap smear examine? |
squamous epithelial cells |
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Glandular Epithelium Function |
Secretion |
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Gland |
consists of a group of cells that secrete substance into ducts, onto a surface or into the blood |
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Epithelial Cell Shapes & Layers |
Squamous Cuboidal Columar
Single (simple) & Several (stratified) |
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Connective Tissue (6 types) |
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body. - loose connective tissue - dense connective tissue - cartilage - bone - blood - lymph |
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General Features of Connective Tissue include: |
- Connective tissue consists of cells suspended in some sort of matrix. Matrix includes ground substance and variety of types of fibers -matrix is abundant with relatively few cells -connective tissues don not occur on free surfaces (unlike epithelia) -is highly vascular (except for catilage and tendons) (unlike epithelia) |
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The types of cells present in connective tissue depends on the type of tissue and includes: (3) |
1. Cells - types of cells present in connective tissue depends on type of tissue 2. Fibers - provide strength and support for tissues 3. Ground Substance - contain water and an assortment of large molecules making it syrupy` |
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Different types of cells present in connective tissue (3) |
1.Blast-type cells 2.Cyte-type cells 3.Immune System Cells
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Three different types of fibers in tissues |
Collagen Fibers Reticular Fibers Elastic Fibers |
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Marfan Syndrome |
Disorder of connective tissue. Defect, or mutation, in the gene that determines the structure of fibrillin-1, a protein that is an important part of connective tissue. A person with Marfan syndrome is born with thedisorder, even though it may not be diagnosed until later in life. |
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Four Types of Tissue Membranes cover body surfaces: |
Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane, Cutaneous Membrane, Synovial Membrane |
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Mucous Memrane |
moist, secrete mucus. Line or cover exterior passages. e.g. digestive, respiratory, reproduction
moist helps reduce friction & increase absorbotion
Lamina Propria - Areolar Connective Tissue
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Mucus vs Mucous |
Mucus is a noun, mucous is an adjective |
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Serous Membrane (where?) |
line sealed, internal subdivisons of the ventral body cavity.
Thin, slippery serous membrane covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal covaities & also lines walls of thorax and abdomen |
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Cutaneous membrane |
skin or integument |
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Synovial Membranes |
in joints |
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Parts of the serous membrane (3) |
1. Parietal Layer - lines walls of cavities 2. Visceral Layer - covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities 3. Serous Fluid - between two layers reduces friction and allows the viscera to slide somewhat. |
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The Three Main Serous Membranes: |
Pleura Pericardium Peritoneum |
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Pleura |
surrounds the lungs, with the visceral plura clinging to the surfaces of the lungs and partial pleura lining the chest wall |
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Pericardium |
surrounds the heart. The visceral pericaridum covers the surface of the heart and parietal pericaridum lines the chest wall |
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Peritoneum |
covers serous membrane of the abdominal cavity, with the visceral peritoneum covering and suspending the adomina; viscera and parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall
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Synovial Memrane |
line joint cavities and produce synovial fluid. It is not an epithelial tissue. |
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Mucociliary Escalator |
Cilia moves mucus up out of lungs, etc. Smoking damages cilia. |
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Fasciae |
layers of connective tissue that wrap and support organs of the body. They provide strength, keep internal organs in position and contain blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. |
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Three Layers of Fasciae |
Superficial fascia Deep fascia Visceral |
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Superficial Fascia |
(hypodermis) separates the skin from underlying layers |
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Deep Fascia |
forms an internal network, and binds to capsules around organs, to tendons and ligaments |
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Visceral Fascia |
separates the serous membranes from deep fascia |
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Necrotizing Fascilitis |
an infection causing inflammation of fascia |
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Inflammation |
Designed to protect against pathogens but triggered by injury |
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What forms pus? |
accumulated dead cells |
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Abcess |
pus that has no exit from the body and so it forms an abcess |
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Explain process of inflammation |
Damaged tissue undergoes necrosis. Accumulated dead cells form pus. Pus doesn't exit body and forms abcess. Dead and damaged cells release chemicals that trigger inflammation |
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Inflammation can spiral out of control in sock by |
usually due to an infection by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - bearing Gram-negative bacteria — spirals out of control progressing until it involves the entire body. This life-threatening development is called sepsis. (causing cytokine storm) |
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Inflammation has three main purposes: |
1. Neutralize or destroy invading/harmful agents 2. Limit the spread of harmful agents to other tissue 3. Prepare any damaged tissue for repair |
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Muscle Tissue (3 types) |
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
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Muscle Tissue (2 functons) |
Specialized fro contraction: contains actin and myosin Produces all body movement |
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Neural Tissue |
- electrical impulses - rapidly sense internal or external enviroment - Neurons and Neuroglia |
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Timelines of Injury (Inflammation) |
Injury: tissues contains an abnormal concentration of pathogens, toxins, waste products (potassium/protein) Triggers Mast Cells to Activate Release = Histamine, Heparin, Postglandins (pain signals) Inflammation (swelling, heat, pain) Increase Blood Flow, Increase Vessel Permeability (if all goes bad... loss of function) Increase local Temp, Oxygen & Nutrients, Phagocytosis, Removal of toxins and wastes Inflammation subsides Regeneration (repair) - fibroblasts move in and produce collagen to fix things up (scar tissue)(fibrosis)
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Which tissues repair well and do not? |
Epithelial Tissue Repairs well Cardiac and Neurons do not regenerate (or regenerate poorly) |
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Chronic Inflammation |
Related to 25% of all cancers Liver Cancer - hep B and/or C virus Lung cancer follow inflammation due to inherited irritants in smoke Cervical cancer follows chronic inflammation due to papilloma virus or chlamydiae |
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Inflammation vs. Infection |
Infection will always causes inflammation Inflammation can happen without infection |
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Aging and Tissue structure |
-Speed & Efficiency of repair decreases with age (slower, hormonal, reduced physical activity)
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Effects of Aging |
increases bruising, bone brittleness Joint Pain Cardio Disease Mental Deterioration thinning tissues |
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Blast-type cells
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cells that retain ability to divide and produce matrix |
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Cyte-type cells |
cells that have reduced ability to divide or produce matrix. These cells maintain the matrix |
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Immune System Cells |
Macrophages (and neutrophils) - cells capable of engulfing or neutralizing microbes and removing cellular debris Mast Cells, Plasma cells & Lymphocytes - cells that participate in the immune and/or inflammatory response (the body's reaction to injury or infection) |
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Elastic Fibers |
composed of the protein elastin. They are able to stretch up to 150% of their relaxed length and return to their original shape. They are found in skin, blood vessels and lungs |
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Collagen Fibers |
composed of the body's most abundant protein (25% of protein) Tough and resistant to stretching, yet somewhat flexible |
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Reticular Fibers |
consist of collagen and glycoprotein. They provide support in the walls of the blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around adipose cells, nerve fibers and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers. |