Bio 220 - Exam 4 Fungi

Front 1

The study of funji

Back 1

Mycology

Front 2

About how many funji are pathogenic to humans?

Back 2

100,000 species

Front 3

In what way do fungi resemble plants?

Back 3

They are decomposers

Front 4

In what way are fungi resemble animals?

Back 4

Classified as life cycles and reproductive structures

Front 5

Where do fungi grow?

Back 5

In areas of low moisture

Front 6

Fungi can grow in a pH of _____, which is too acidic for bacteria

Back 6

5

Front 7

In what way do fungi resemble bacteria?

Back 7

Can adapt to environments

Front 8

Fungi are resistant to _____ _____ and can live in _____ and _____ solutions.

Back 8

Osmotic pressure; sugar and salt

Front 9

Why do we put paraffin wax on top of preserved jellies and jams?

Back 9

To prevent fungal growth

Front 10

Why can fungi grow on the surfaces of fruits, grains, and veggies?

Back 10

Areas of low moisture

Front 11

What is the principal role of fungi?

Back 11

??

Front 12

What are the members of Saccharomyces used for industry?

Back 12

Makes yeast for baking and brewing

Front 13

Name some other other industrial uses of Fungi.

Back 13

Mushrooms,cheeses, and antibiotics

Front 14

Why are fungi economically important?

Back 14

They are plant pathogens- damage plants

Front 15

Name some crops that are damaged by fungi.

Back 15

Wheat rust, corn smut, potato blight

Front 16

What does Rhizopus cause

Back 16

Bread mold

Front 17

In which group of humans do fungal diseases most often occur?

Back 17

Immunosuppressed patients

Front 18

Why have fungal diseases increased in the last twenty years?

Back 18

Due to medical advances such as transplant and cancer therapy

Front 19

What is used to classify fungi?

Back 19

??

Front 20

Name the two morphological types of fungi.

Back 20

Mold and yeast

Front 21

Which microscopic form of fungus is multicellular and produces threadlike filaments?

Back 21

Molds

Front 22

What is the name the threadlike multicellular fungal filaments?

Back 22

Hyphae

Front 23

What is the term for a mass of hyphae that is visible to the naked-eye?

Back 23

Mycelium

Front 24

What is the function of the vegetative hyphae?

Back 24

Obtain nutrients

Front 25

What is the function of the reproductive or aerial hyphae?

Back 25

Bear reproductive spores

Front 26

What happens if part of a hyphae breaks off?

Back 26

It can form a new hyphae

Front 27

Which microscopic form of fungus is unicellular, oval or spherical , and non-filaments?

Back 27

Yeast

Front 28

How do yeast reproduce?

Back 28

By budding or fission

Front 29

What term refers to a fungus that can change between the mold and yeast form

Back 29

Dimorphic fungi

Front 30

What do the mold like produce to reproduce?

Back 30

Vegetative and aerial hyphae

Front 31

How the yeast like form reproduce?

Back 31

By budding

Front 32

What is the dimorphism of parasitic fungi dependent on?

Back 32

temperature

Front 33

At 37 degrees Celsius ( body temperature), what is the form of the fungus?

Back 33

Yeast-like

Front 34

At 25 degree Celcius (room temperature), what is the form of the fungi?

Back 34

Mold-like

Front 35

By what method do fungi reproduce asexually?

Back 35

Fragmentation

Front 36

By which method do fungi reproduce asexually and sexually?

Back 36

Spores

Front 37

Describe the ways in which fungal spores are different from bacterial spores.

Back 37

??

Front 38

Which one is not a method of reproduction: fungal spores production, bacterial endospore production?

Back 38

Bacterial endospore production

Front 39

Whichis more tolerant and has a greater longevity: fungal spores or bacterial endospores?

Back 39

fungalspores

Front 40

Whatterm refers to fungal diseases?

Back 40

Mycoses

Front 41

Aremost fungal disease acute or chronic? Why?

Back 41

chronic ; due to fungi growing slowly

Front 42

Namethe five groups of fungal diseases that are based on the degree of tissue involvementand the modes of entry into the host.

Back 42

1. Systemic

2. Subcutaneous

3. Cutaneous

4. Superficial

5. Opportunistic

Front 43

Whatterm refers to fungal infections that are deep within the body?

Back 43

Systemic

Front 44

Whatcauses systemic fungal infections?

Back 44

causedby soil fungi

Front 45

Whatis the route of transmission of systemic fungal infections?

Back 45

causedby soil fungi

Front 46

Whatis the route of transmission of systemic fungal infections?

Back 46

sporeinhalation

Front 47

Whatterm refers to fungal infections that are beneath the skin?

Back 47

Subcutaneous

Front 48

Whatterm refers to fungal infections that are localized along hair shafts and superficialepidermal cells?

Back 48

Superficial

Front 49

Termrefers to fungal infections that are caused by harmless fungi that becomepathogenic in immunosuppressed patients?

Back 49

Opportunistic

Front 50

Whatterm refers to fungal infections that occur in the skin?

Back 50

Cutaneous

Front 51

Whatis another name for cutaneous fungal infections?

Back 51

dermatomycoses

Front 52

Whatterm refers to fungi that colonize the epidermis, hair, and nails?

Back 52

Dermatophytes

Front 53

Whatenzyme is secreted by dermatophytes to degrade keratin?

Back 53

keratinase

Front 54

What is keratin?

Back 54

Keratin is fibrous structural protein of hair, nails, horn, hoofs, wool, feathers, and of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin. Keratin serves important structural and protective functions, particularly in the epithelium.

Front 55

Whatconditions can dermatophytes withstand?

Back 55

thehigh osmotic pressures and low moisture of the skin

Front 56

Whatis the informal name for cutaneous mycoses or dermatomycoses?

Back 56

tineasor ringworm

Front 57

Ringworm of the scalp is called _____.

Back 57

tinea capitis.

Front 58

Ringwormof the body resulting in round, scaly, red patches is called _____.

Back 58

tinea corporis

Front 59

Ringwormof the groin area is called _____ _____ or _____ _____.

Back 59

inea cruris or jock itch.

Front 60

Ringwormof the foot is called ____ _____ or _____ _____.

Back 60

tinea pedis or athlete’s foot.

Front 61

Ringwormof the nails is called _____ _____.

Back 61

tinea unguium.

Front 62

Isringworm a worm?

Back 62

no

Front 63

Namethree fungal genera that are involved in cutaneous mycoses.

Back 63

1. Trichophyton

2. Microsporum

3. Epidermophyton

Front 64

Whichfungal genus contains members that can infect hair, skin, or nails?

Back 64

Trichophyton

Front 65

Whichfungal genus contains members that can infect only the hair or skin?

Back 65

Microsporum

Front 66

Whichfungal genus contains members that can infect only the skin and nails?

Back 66

Epidermophyton

Front 67

Whattreatments are used for cutaneous mycoses?

Back 67

1. Topical drugswithout prescriptions: antifungal creams, powders, and sprays.

2. Oral prescriptions

Front 68

Whichare more serious: cutaneous mycoses orsubcutaneous mycoses?

Back 68

subcutaneousmycoses

Front 69

Whatis the most common US subcutaneous mycosis?

Back 69

Sporotrichosis

Front 70

Howis sporotrichosis obtained?

Back 70

amonggardeners and other working with soil forms ulcers on the hand

Front 71

Whatare the symptoms of sporotrichosis?

Back 71

invadethe lymphatic system

Front 72

Whatis the treatment for sporotrichosis?

Back 72

treatedby ingesting dilute potassium iodide

Front 73

Asubcutaneous infection of the skin is __________ which is caused by Candida albicans.

Back 73

candidiasis

Front 74

Whatis Candida albicans?

Back 74

yeast

Front 75

Inwhat conditions does Candida albicans grow readily?

Back 75

whenthe pH of mucous membranes is affected

Front 76

Whatwhitish condition occurs in the oral cavities of newborns when Candida albicansovergrows?

Back 76

Thrush

Front 77

Whycan Candida albicans overgrow in the oral cavities of newborns?

Back 77

No normal flora

Front 78

Nametwo other diseases that an overgrowth of Candida albicans can cause.

Back 78

Thrushand vaginal yeast infections

Front 79

What is the name of the nervous system diseasethat is transmitted by inhalation of a fungus-infected dried pigeon dropping?

Back 79

crytococcosis

Front 80

What is the name of the fungus associated withcryptococcosis?

Back 80

Crytococcus neogormans

Front 81

What area of the body is affected by Cryptococcusneoformans?

Back 81

1. infects the lungs

Front 82

Name two other conditions that could result fromcryptococcosis.

Back 82

can cause encephalitis and meningitis

Front 83

What term is used to refer to a cryptococcosis infection?

Back 83

???

Front 84

Namefive fungal respiratory diseases.

Back 84

1. Histoplasmosis

2. Coccidioidomycosis

3. Pneumocystispneumonia

4. Blastomycosis

5. Aspergillosis

Front 85

Which fungal respiratory disease resemblestuberculosis, creates lung lesions, and is found in areas along the Mississippiand Ohio rivers?

Back 85

Histoplasmosis

Front 86

Name the dimorphic fungus that causeshistoplasmosis

Back 86

Histoplasmacapsulatum

Front 87

1. Whatorganism carries Histoplasma capsulatum, sheds it in feces, and infectsnew soil sites?

Back 87

Bats

Front 88

What about bats makes it a better vector for Histoplasmaas compared to birds? l

Back 88

Lower body temp than birds

Front 89

Whichfungal respiratory disease is acquired through the inhalation of airborne sporesfound in the dry, alkaline soils of the American Southwest and causes fever,chest pain, coughing, and weight loss?

Back 89

Coccidioidomycosis

Front 90

Name the dimorphic fungus that causescoccidioidomycosis.

Back 90

Coccidioides immitis

Front 91

Why is coccidioidomycosis sometimes calledvalley fever?

Back 91

because it frequently occurs in the San Joaquin Valley ofCalifornia

Front 92

Which fungal respiratory disease causes lungcysts in immunosuppressed patients, especially AIDS victims?

Back 92

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Front 93

Name the organism that causes Pneumocystispneumonia.

Back 93

by Pneumocystis carinii

Front 94

Which fungal respiratory disease is caused by afungus found in the soil of the Mississippi Valley, causes asymptomaticinfections that begin in the lungs and can cause cutaneous ulcers, abscesses,and pus?

Back 94

Blastomycosis

Front 95

Name the dimorphic fungus that causesblastomycosis.

Back 95

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Front 96

What is another name for blastomycosis?

Back 96

North American blastomycosis

Front 97

Which fungal respiratory disease is transmittedby spores found in decaying vegetation such as compost piles?

Back 97

Aspergillosis

Front 98

Name the fungus that causes aspergillosis.

Back 98

Aspergillus fumigatus

Front 99

Nametwo fungal digestive diseases.

Back 99

1. Ergot poisoning

2. Aflatoxin poisoning

Front 100

Which fungal digestive disease results from theingestion of contaminated rye or cereal grains?

Back 100

Ergot poisoning

Front 101

Name the fungus that cause ergot poisoning

Back 101

Claviceps purpurea

Front 102

What does Claviceps purpurea produce thatrestricts blood flow to the limbs producing gangrene and hallucinations?

Back 102

mycotoxin

Front 103

Which fungal digestive disease is associatedwith peanuts, can cause cirrhosis or the liver and liver cancer, and can harmlivestock?

Back 103

aflatoxin poisoning

Front 104

Name the common mold (fungus) that causesaflatoxin poisoning

Back 104

1.Aspergillus flavus

Front 105

What is aflatoxin?

Back 105

is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus

Front 106

Name the main fungal disease that affects thereproductive system.

Back 106

Candidiasis

Front 107

Yeast infections are usually the result of what?

Back 107

opportunistic overgrowth when the competing microbiotaare suppressed by antibiotics or other factors (diabetes).

Front 108

What do vulvovaginal candidiasis lesionsresemble?

Back 108

resemble those of thrush but produce more irritation.

Front 109

What are the characteristics of a yeast vaginalinfection?

Back 109

1. severe itching; a thick, yellow, cheesy discharge; andyeasty or no odor.

Front 110

Describesome predisposing conditions to yeast infections.

Back 110

1. use of oralcontraceptives-increases the glycogen in the vagina

2. pregnancy-increasesthe glycogen in the vagina

3. uncontrolleddiabetes

4. use ofbroad-spectrum antibiotics

Front 111

What are the treatments for a yeast infection?

Back 111

1. include topical applications of nonprescriptionantifungal drugs or oral fluconazole (Diflucan).

Front 112

Why are fungal diseases sometimes difficult totreat?

Back 112

Difficult to treat because fungus is eukaryotic

Front 113

What do antifungal drugs attack?

Back 113

cell membranes

Front 114

What organ could antifungal drugs harm?

Back 114

kidneys

Front 115

Whichantifungal drugs (two) are used to treat systemic infections?

Back 115

1. amphotericin B

2. ketoconazole

Front 116

Which antifungal drug is le +is less toxic than the other?

Back 116

ketoconazole

Front 117

Which oral antifungal drug is used to treatyeast infections including thrush?

Back 117

fluconazole (Diflucan)

Front 118

Which topical antifungal drug is used to treatyeast infections?

Back 118

clotrimazole, miconazole, nystatin

Front 119

Which oral antifungal drug is used to treatnail, skin, and hair infections?

Back 119

griseofulvin

Front 120

Which antifungal drug is used to treat ringwormand thrush?

Back 120

1. gentian violet