Chapter 4: Sensation And Perception

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

Receive info, send to brain.

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

Selecting, organizing, interpreting info.

Front 3

Energy

Back 3

Contains info from surroundings.

Front 4

Transduction

Back 4

Convert energy into action potential.

Front 5

Properties of Light

Back 5

- Wavelength

-Amplitude

-Purity (wave complexity)

Front 6

Wavelength

Back 6

Hue (colour)

Front 7

Amplitude

Back 7

Brightness, intensity.

Front 8

Purity

Back 8

Wave complexity - saturation (vividness).

Front 9

Cornea

Back 9

Outermost layer, protects, first places light focused to retina.

Front 10

Pupil

Back 10

Regulates light, responds to ANS. Includes Iris.

Front 11

Iris

Back 11

Muscles control pupil, colour.

Front 12

Lenses

Back 12

Focuses light to retina. (Includes accommodation)

Front 13

Accommodation

Back 13

Lens changes shape to focus.

Front 14

Retina

Back 14

Receptors, convert light energy to action potential. (Include fova)

Front 15

Fova

Back 15

Most detailed vision.

Front 16

Optic Disk/Blind Spot

Back 16

No receptors, cells leave retina here.

Front 17

Vision Problems

Back 17

- Nearsighted

- Farsighted

- Presbyopia

Front 18

Nearsighted

Back 18

Eyeball too long, image focused in front of retina, move closer

Front 19

Farsighted

Back 19

Eyeball too short, image focused behind retina, move further

Front 20

Presbyopia

Back 20

Decreased accommodation (age), lenses less elastic and can't change shape

Front 21

Rods

Back 21

- 120 million

- Night

- High Sensation

- B&W

- Low Resolution

Front 22

Cones

Back 22

- 6 million

- Day

- Low Sensation

- Colour

- High Resolution

Front 23

Figure-Ground Separation

Back 23

Identifying a figure from the background.

Front 24

Object Discrimination & Recognition

Back 24

Meaning vs background

Front 25

Achromatopsia

Back 25

True colour blindness, inability to perceive colour.

Front 26

Colour Mixing (Rule of 3)

Back 26

Varying intensity of three wave lengths allows for millions.

Front 27

Colour Blindness

Back 27

Unable to tell some colours apart.

Front 28

Colour Afterimages

Back 28

Sensation after stimulus (Green/Red, Yellow/Blue, Black/White)

Front 29

Trichromatic Theory

Back 29

Three sets of cones released photo pigment sensitive to blue/green/red.

Front 30

Opponent-Process Theory

Back 30

Colour sensitive visual pairs pairs (cells process pairs of colour).

Front 31

Bottom-Up

Back 31

Processing starts at receptors and works up to higher regions.

Front 32

Top-Down

Back 32

Reliance on knowledge, includes motivation, context and expression.

Front 33

Recognition

Back 33

Bottom-Up and Top-Down *might see same thing differently.

Front 34

Principles of Organization

Back 34

Gestalt grouping and depth perception.

Front 35

Gestalt Grouping

Back 35

- Proximity

- Similarity

- Common Region

- Connectedness

- Continuity

- Closure

Front 36

Proximity

Back 36

closeness

Front 37

Similarity

Back 37

resemblance

Front 38

Common Region

Back 38

Enclosed boundary

Front 39

Connectedness

Back 39

Joined.

Front 40

Continuity

Back 40

See lines continuous

Front 41

Closure

Back 41

See objects complete even with gaps.

Front 42

Depth Perception Terms [Monocular Cues (Pictorial)]

Back 42

- Relative size

- Height in Plane

- Interposition

-Linear Perspective

- Clarity

- Textural Gradient

- Motion Parallax

Front 43

Monocular Cues definition

Back 43

Define where things are (one eye).

Front 44

Relative Size

Back 44

Bigger retinal image - closer view.

Front 45

Height in Plane

Back 45

Higher visual field - further closer

Front 46

Interposition

Back 46

closer objects block further

Front 47

Linear Perspective

Back 47

Parallel lines appear to converge

Front 48

Clarity

Back 48

closer-clearer

Front 49

Textual Gradient

Back 49

Detailed texture - closer

Front 50

Motion Parallax

Back 50

close (fast), far (slow)

Front 51

Binocular Cues (Depth Perception)

Back 51

- Convergence

- Retinal Disparity

Front 52

Convergence

Back 52

Closer, eyes inward

Front 53

Retinal Disparity

Back 53

Each eye is different.

Front 54

Perceptual Constancy

Back 54

- see constant world

- object maintain characteristics despite

- size consistency: perceived size = retinal image= perceived size constant (ex: object closer: retinal image increase, perceived distance decrease = perceived constant

Front 55

Implication

Back 55

- cues absent, size consistency breaks down

- makes errors (allusions), due to inference

Front 56

Rods and Cones

Back 56

Dark adaptation.

Front 57

Cones

Back 57

Adapt quickly to dark (8-10 mins)

Front 58

Rods

Back 58

Longer to adapt (20-25 mins)

Front 59

Organizational Principles

Back 59

- Convergence

- rods/cones

- Ganglion cells

- Cortex

Front 60

Convergence

Back 60

- 126 million rods/cones converges with 1 million ganglion cells

- Allows keeping all info without overload

Front 61

Rods/Cones

Back 61

Whatever light reaches stimulates.

Front 62

Ganglion Cells

Back 62

Changes in light stimulate (edges, boundaries, contours).

Front 63

Cortex

Back 63

Feature detectors: Specific stimuli (vertical ect.)

Front 64

Pathways in Vision

Back 64

Eyes to Visual Cortex

Front 65

Retina Fibers

Back 65

- Nasal Fibers

- Dorsal Stream

- Temporal Fibres

- Ventral Stream

Front 66

Temporal Fibres

Back 66

Close to temple, do not cross. Right visual field, left half of eye (same).

Front 67

Nasal Fibres

Back 67

Close to nose, cross. Right visual field, left half of eye (opposite to temporal fibre)

Front 68

Dorsal Stream

Back 68

Occipital Lobe > pariteal lobe ; "where" objects located relative to others.

Front 69

Ventral Stream

Back 69

Occipital lobe>temporal lobe; "what" objects are, recognition

Front 70

Visual Problems

Back 70

Information reaches the eye, but brain can't process.

Front 71

Visual Agnosia

Back 71

See but can not recognize.

Front 72

Prosopagnosia

Back 72

Trouble recognizing faces.

Front 73

Akinetopisia

Back 73

Inability to process motion.

Front 74

Application of Perceptual Constancies (Driving)

Back 74

Driving in dim light consistencies. Smaller car = smaller retina image, overestimate distance.

Front 75

Application of Perceptrual Constancies (Aviation)

Back 75

- Judging speed and angle to approach runway would be compensated due to night light

- visual and auditory aids avoid pilot's compensation for lack of judgment

Front 76

Sensory Interactions

Back 76

- Vision influences hearing ex. two balls crossing vs. hitting each other.

- Tast and smell ex. having a cold

Front 77

Synesthesia

Back 77

Unusual interactions between or within senses. ex. tasting shapes

Front 78

Psychophysics

Back 78

Relationship between properties of physical stimuli and perception. ex. intensity of light correspond to perception of brightness.

Front 79

Absolute Thresholds

Back 79

Level of stimulation that people can detect 50% of the time. tones heard from different decibels.

Front 80

Reason for Variation of Absolute Thresholds

Back 80

People adopt different criteria when deciding whether to report a stimulus.

Front 81

JND (Just Noticeable Difference)

Back 81

The constant=intensity of standard (start point).