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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive Bias |
1.Something everyone has 2.Psychological impulses 3.Can be triggered by various stimuli and usually lead us to make decisions about people or ideas which are skewed |
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Confirmation Bias |
unconsious tendency to look harder for confirming evidence than for disconfirming evidence strong emotional investments |
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Selective Attention Bias |
unconscious tendency to notice evidence that supports one's belief system, while not noticing evidence that contradicts it screens out unfavorable information |
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Belief Bias |
sticking to what you already believe to be true because you like what you like to believe not re-evaluating evidence |
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Bandwagon Bias |
group think believing something because the majority feels that way influenced by others |
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Stereotyping & Ethnocentrism |
Irrational belief that one's own ethnic group, or culture is better or superior to others |
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Egocentrism |
radical form of self interest only things that affect ME no empathy for others |
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Self-Interst |
accepting a conclusion because it serves MY interests, projects MY ego. NOT worrying if it positively or negatively affects others |
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Negativity Bias |
only looking at the negatives in a situation and ignoring the positives or vice versa stressing one side to support MY claim |
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Availability |
focuses on how available evidence is for making a certain claim rather than the strength drawing a conclusion about a whole group, based on one person, place, or thing |
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First Person Bias & Social Injustice |
using my own self values as a way to measure the good of others |
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False Consensus Bias |
The mistake in thinking that our own beliefs and values, and those of our friends, are representative of the larger society without checking to see if the correspondence is real "most people are like us" |
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Story-Fitting |
occurs when we either create or refer to a story which seems to explain why certain things have happened to us throughout our life creating a narrative that explains our current situations |
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Expectation Bias |
self-fulfilling prophecy |
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Short Term thinking |
focus on the immediate moment, rather than the future outcome |
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Externalizing |
the process of looking beyond oneself for the cause of our mistakes |
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Affect Bias |
an affect is a positive or negative feeling toward something our judgement can be skewed or irrational if they are the product of our feelings or likes or dislikes |
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Resistance |
when we do not want to re-consider a position we may have |
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Substitution Bias |
substituting an easier question for a more difficult one without necessarily realizing that we're doing so |
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Anchoring Bias |
usually learned at the start of a learning process, serves as a basis |
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What is Critical Thinking? |
Based upon criteria Can be tested The process of rationally evaluating ideas and statements, and backing up those ideas and statements with accurate evidence |
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What is the Socratic Method? |
Used to help others "deliver" their thoughts and ideas through dialogue. This caused the interlocutor to really dig deep and think of everything they said. |
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Rote Learning |
a mechanical memorization of information. NOT critical thinking |
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Authoritarianism |
Accepting an idea or statement based on the alleged "authority" of an individual stating it NOT critical thinking |
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Argument |
Consists of statements (claims) known as premises which are offered in support of another statement or claim known as a conclusion |
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Empirical |
Something we can test and verify |
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"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think." |
Socrates |
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Socrates |
born in athens greece 1st philosopher of western tradition Interested in Human Life and how we should behave, think, and act toward one another. Believed that as human beings, we have the capacity to think beyond us - curiosity |
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Philosophy means... |
the love of wisdom |
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Cosmology |
How philosophy started. The study of the universe. |
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Socrates as the "Midwife" |
he believed he helped people deliver ideas and thoughts and make them think in a conversational way. "birth" their ideas. |
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Plato |
Socrates student who wrote all of his major dialogues Why we know socrates |
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Did Socrates have children? |
All boys (3) |
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Oracle |
an individual, usually a woman who intermediates between people and the gods. Silent prayer mode, speaks to the Gods. deliver the answer after said transe |
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Oracle at Delphi |
Is socrates the wisest man? oracle answered "YES" socrates said he knew nothing and claimed to be ignorant so he went on a search to find if he actually was the wisest man |
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Correspondance theory of truth |
If our statements match reality, then our statements are true. |
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Gadfly |
Socrates referred to himself as this because he was a kind of annoying pest or insect which stings and bothers its target |
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Human Excellence |
to be one who values the truth and seeks to discover |
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What is an excellent human being? |
one who reasons |
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Elenchus |
method used by socrates ti ask questions of an interlocutor with the aim of helping the individual to realize that an idea or belief they hold is logically inconsistent. |
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Law of non contradiction |
the idea that we cannot claim that something is and is not something at the same time |
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The Socratic Method requires... |
strong character and the ability to reason clearly |
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According to Socrates, which is considered to be a stabilizing factor in ordering our lives? |
Reason |
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What are the 3 parts of the soul? |
Reason Emotion / Passion Appitite Driver - reason Black horse - appetite White horse - emotion |
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If the soul is ruled by its appetites... |
we consider pleasure to be of the highest value |
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When the souls elements are "working" harmoniously, an individual an individual is considered to be ... |
a well integrated personality |
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A person who is irrational may best be described as …. |
Chaotic |
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The Examined Life |
One who self-reflects For every man |
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Humility and Courage are traits of... |
Critical Thinking |
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Sophists |
professors of rhetoric debate art of persuasion |
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Infallable |
you cannot make any mistakes reason is not infallible |
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The Noble Person |
For plato, this was an individual with a well balanced life |
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Headonist |
one who is irrationally controlled by pleasure |
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Death of Socrates |
2 serious crimes. corrupting the young men of the city disbelieving the official gods of the state. Jury had 501 people Given hemlock (poison) told the jury that he was a gift from the Gods |
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What were socrates 2 favorite questions? |
What do you mean by this? What is your evidence? |
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Factual Disagreement |
We agree on the meanings of the words we are using, but we disagree on the facts of the matter |
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Verbal Disagreement |
2 individuals are using the same word in 2 different senses. |
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Extensional Definition |
the "extension" of a word or expression. they assign meaning to a word by giving examples of what the word denotes or can be applied to. |
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Types Of Extensional Definitions |
1. Ostensive - Demonstrates explaining the meaning of a word 2. Enumerative - Explains the meaning of a word by listing or enumerating members of a words extensions 3. Operational - Explains the meaning of a word by specifying a step by step process 4. Paradigm Case - Citing one or more clear examples of the application of the word |
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Intensional Definition |
the "intension" of a word or phrase consists of characteristics or properties of a word |
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Types of Intensional Definitions |
1. Lexical - Dictionary 2. Stipulative - introduces a new meaning for a word. 3. Precising - makes a borderline word more precise. 4. Theorhetical - Provides a theory 5. Persuasive - emotional wording to persuade the audiences attitude toward something. 6. Synonomous - gives a synonym for the word.7. Analytic - breaks a word down into its parts. |
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Nature of a philosophical argument |
series of statements (premises) offered in support of a conclusion |
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Define Premise |
Statements of Fact |
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Deductive Arguments |
Always true and valid.Asserted with the aim of proving its conclusion with complete certainty in such a way that its conclusion must be true. |
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Modus Ponens (affirming the antecedent) |
If pigs could dance, then cows can singPigs can danceTherefore, cows can singIf P, then QPTherefore Q |
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Modus Tollens (denying the consequent) |
If it's raining, then the park will be closedThe park is not closedTherefore, it must not be rainingIf P, the Qnot QTherefore not P |
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Hypothetical Syllogism (3 part) |
If it rains, Alex will get wetIf Alex gets wet, he'll be annoyedAs a result, if it rains, Alex will be annoyedIf P the QIf Q then RTherefore if P then R |
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Disjunctive Argument (either/or pattern) |
Either we light the fire, or we will freezeWe will not light the fireWe will freezeEither P or Qnot P (or not Q)Therefore Q (therefore P) |
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Invalid Arguments |
Not valid because the premises do not lead to a necessarily true conclusion |
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Affirming the consequent |
If I get a 90 on the test, I'll get an AI got an AI got a 90 on the testIf P, then QQTherefore P |
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Denying the antecedent |
If it rains, the picnic will be cancelledIt did not rainThe picnic was not cancelledIf P, then Qnot PTherefore not Q |
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Relativism or Subjectivism |
Philosophical Obstacles to critical thinking claims a persons individual opinion is true for that person, while also claiming that contradictory opinions are equally true for those who hold them. believe we are infallible - we do not make mistakes |
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Alethic Relativism |
Taken from the greek word aletha meaning truth this means that everyone is correct |
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Moral Relativism |
no objective basis for determining if something is good/bad or right/wrong |
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Protagoras |
believed in relativism and "man is the measure of all things" |
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Aesthetic Relativism |
art and beauty |
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Religious alethic relativism |
to claim that religious claims are subject to a personal opinion. just a matter of belief |
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Culinary Relativism |
depends on taste - can't argue |
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Global Relativism |
EVERYTHING is true or good |
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Individual |
Each person is his or her own criterion or standard for truth. No other individual can tell you that you are wrong |
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Cultural alethic relativism |
argues that truth is relative to its culture |
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Epistomological Solipsism |
Self being alone this concept rejects the possibility of objectivism even there is objective reality, one could never know it existed |
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Metaphysical Solipsism |
Only the self exists NOTHING outside the self and all perceived reality - consciousness |
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Skeptisism |
Doubtful of everything |
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Global Skepticism |
Knowledge of ANYTHING is impossible |
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Gorgias |
believed in global skepticism - if anything does not exist, we could not know it |
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Objective |
FACTS |
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Subjective |
Dependent on a person's feelings |
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Solipsism |
locked in your own bubble - cannot get behind their own conscious mind |
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Propositional Knowledge |
Socrates believes in this - knowledge = Justified, True, Belief - scientific explanation |
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Epistemic Justification |
Opinions, hunches, guesses |
