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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Perception |
the study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them |
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Non Verbal Communication |
the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; non verbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and eye gaze |
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Encode |
to express or emit non verbal behaviour, such as smiling or patting someone on the back |
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Decode |
to interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behaviour other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness |
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Affect Blend |
a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different one |
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Display Rules |
culturally determined rules about which emotional expressions are appropriate to show |
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Emblems |
nonverbal gestures that have well understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations |
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Implicit Personality Theory |
a type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together |
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Attribution Theory |
the study of how people explain the causes of their own and other people's behaviour |
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Internal Attribution |
the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about him or her, such as their attitude, character, or personality |
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External Attribution |
the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation they're in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation |
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Covariation Model |
a theory stating that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behaviour, we systematically note the pattern between the presence (or absence) of possible causal factors and whether or not the behaviour occurs |
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Consensus Information |
info about the extent to which other people behave the same way as the actor does toward the same situation |
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Distinctiveness Information |
info about the extent to which the actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli |
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Consistency Information |
info about the extent to which the behaviour between the actor and stimulus is the same across time and circumstances |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behaviour is due to personality traits and to underestimate the role of situational factors |
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Perceptual Salience |
info that is the focus of people's attention; people tend to overestimate the causal role of perceptually salient info |
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Two Step Process of Attribution |
analyzing another person's behaviour first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behaviour, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution |
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Actor/Observer Difference |
the tendency to see other people's behaviour as dispositionally caused, while focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behaviour |
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Self Serving Attributions |
explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors, and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors |
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Defensive Attributions |
explanations for behaviour that avoid feelings of vulnerability and morality |
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Belief in a Just World |
a form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people |
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Why do we look for causes? (attribution theory) |
we need to know why bad/good things happen |
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How do we determine causes? (attribution theory) |
we are like ‘amateur’ psychologists/scientists -> look for evidence of covariation between possible causes and events/behaviours |
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What are attribution biases? |
1) Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) 2) Actor-Observer Difference (AOD)3) Self-Serving Bias4) Empathic Attribution |
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Perceptual salience |
overestimate factors that are in the focus of attention and underestimate unnoticed factors |
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Why does FAE occur? |
1) Perceptual salience 2) two step cognitive process 3) belief in a just world |
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Perceptual salience |
overestimate factors that are in the focus of attention and underestimate unnoticed factors |
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Two step cognitive process |
limited info-processing capacity (‘cognitive miser’)- internal attributions are quick & automatic - situational factors are deliberated only if have time, energy, and motivation to do so |
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Belief in a just world |
belief that bad things happen only to bad people (stupid, careless, weak, etc.) - defensive attribution to protect self-esteem- to avoid feelings of personal vulnerability |
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FAE is less pronounced for? |
- in non-Western/collectivistic cultures - for attributions of own behaviour - when making empathic attributions |
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Why does Actor Observer Difference occur? |
perceptual salience and info availability (have more info ab own sitch than others) |
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Empathic Attribution |
when we feel empathy for another person, our attributions for their behaviour will be similar to attributions for our own behaviour |
