Chapter 4: Movement Production And Motor Programs

Front 1

open loop control

Back 1

prestructured commands sent to effector and executed without feedback

rapid, discrete movements

essential for movement

thousands of possible movements

Front 2

motor program

Back 2

set of commands prestructured at the executive level

Front 3

degrees of freedom

Back 3

components that can be controlled individually

Front 4

can you stop actions within open loop control?

Back 4

no, the system carries out initiated instructions without regard to whether they are right or not

Front 5

examples of open loop

Back 5

throwing, kicking

Front 6

evidence for motor programs

Back 6

electromyography (EMG), recording electrical muscle activity

reaction time

deafferentation, nerve impulses from periphery are blocked from spinal cord. only affects fine motor control

mechanically blocking limbs, unblocked and blocked limbs have sam EMG pattern. Evidence that muscle movements are planned and executed without sensory info

Front 7

postural adjustment

Back 7

activate legs before arms

one coordinated movement

legs adjust to correct posture, arms do desired movement

Front 8

central pattern generator (CPG)

Back 8

genetically defined central control mechanism for repetitive actions

chewing, locomotion, slithering, swimming

Front 9

reflex reversal phenomenon

Back 9

reflex activity that involves different responses to the same stimulus when it is presented at different phases of the movement

Front 10

major roles of motor programs

Back 10

define and issue commands to muscle

coordinate degrees of freedom

specify and initiate postural changes

modulate reflex pathways

Front 11

berstein's dynamical approach

Back 11

regularities in movement not based on centrally controlled motor programs

neural vs physical

EMG studies support neural approach, motor programs

Front 12

motor program notion

Back 12

each movement needs its own motor program

storage problem, infinite amount of movements possible would require vast LTM capacity

novelty problem, difficult to perform new movements without the specific motor program to complete them

Front 13

generalized motor program

Back 13

defines a pattern of movement rather than a specific movement

Front 14

modifying motor programs

Back 14

1. movement time, fundamental timing structure- sequencing and timing movement that defines the underlying pattern

2. movement amplitude- writing on different surfaces. use different muscles but pattern remains constant

3. movement direction

4. limb and muscles used