Chapter 4 Key Terms

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Robert Walpole

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British statesman that is regarded as being the first prime minister of Britain, although the term "Prime Minister" wasn't official and meant nothing, he is acknowledged with holding office.

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Privy Council

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A body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on affairs of state.

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Benjamin Franklin

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One of the founding fathers of the United States. He was many things including an author, a printer, scientist, satirist, and a politician. Some of the things that he invented was the lightning rod, and the bifocals, and he also took part in the writing of the Declaration of Independence.

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New France

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New France was the area colonized by the French in North America. This was during 1534 to 1763, at its peak in 1712 before the Treaty of Utrecht, when its territory was from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains.

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Paltry Wages

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Wages that were not worth considering or working for because of the mediocrity of the amount.

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Albany Plan

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Proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York. This plan called for the general government to be administered by a President General elected by the Crown, and a Grand Council to be chosen. The plan was rejected but later served as an inspiration for the writing of the Articles of Confederation.

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French and Indian War

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Erupted from the Seven Years' War. This was a battle between the French and Great Britain in North America. The French were allies with the Natives, thus the name "French and Indian War." The war lasted from 1754 to 1763.

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Louis XIV

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Known as the "Sun King." Reigned from the age of four (1643) to his death (1715). He was an adherent of the theory of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin and lack of temporal restraint of monarchical rule.

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Missionary Zeal

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Missionary zeal is a strong feeling, an ardor, and an eagerness for missions, or for missionary. The missionaries had an ardor and an eagerness to spread the word of God, and go on missions.

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Louis Joliet

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French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America. Explored much of the Mississippi River in 1673 along with Father Jacques Marquette.

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Father Jacques Marquette

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A Catholic priest and missionary that along with Louis Joliet explored the Mississippi River in 1673. He founded Michigan's first European settlement - Salt Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan.

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Rene Robert Cavalier

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French explorer that explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. He also claimed the entire Mississippi River Basin for France.

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The Iroquois Confederacy

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The Iroquois Confederacy was a sophisticated political and social system. It united the territories of the five nations in a symbolic longhouse that stretched across the present-day state of New York. The original five nations of the Confederacy were divided into two groups: the Elders, consisting of the Mohawk, the Onondaga, and the Seneca; and the Younger, the Oneida and the Cayuga. Despite this distinction, all decisions of the Confederacy had to be unanimous.

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King William's War

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This was the first of the French and Indian Wars. It was fought between England, France, and their Indian Allies in Canada (New France), Acadia, and New England.

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Fort Necessity

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The Battle of Fort Necessity is also called "The Battle of the Great Meadows" and was one of the first battles of the French and Indian War.

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William Pitt

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A British Whig Statesman that led Britain in the Seven Year's War. He also held the official title of Lord Privy Seal.

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Siege of Quebec

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This was siege that ended any possibilities that the French had of having victory in the French and Indian Wars.

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Peace of Paris 1763

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Known as the Treaty of Paris, or the "Treaty of 1763" that was signed on February 10th and was signed by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. This treaty put an end to the French and Indian War and the Seven Years' War.

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Proclamation of 1763

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After Britain won the Seven Years' War and gained land in North America, it issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited American colonists from settling west of Appalachia.

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Greenville Ministry

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The Greenville Ministry passed a number of harsh acts; one of them was the Currency Act. The Currency Act made the colonies suffer economically because it made the paper money in American useless. This forced the colonists to rely on Great Britain for economics. Great Britain required that all the colonies were to only issue currency in silver and gold. But converting the American paper money was scarce, therefore this caused the money within the colonies to be drained. This demand caused many colonists to go broke thus their rebellion against this act was justified.

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Sugar Act

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Also known as the American Revenue Act and was was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764.

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Currency Act

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The Currency Act made the colonies suffer economically because it made the paper money in American useless. This forced the colonists to rely on Great Britain for economics. Great Britain required that all the colonies were to only issue currency in silver and gold. But converting the American paper money was scarce, therefore this caused the money within the colonies to be drained. This demand caused many colonists to go broke thus their rebellion against this act was justified.

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Paxton Boys

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The Paxton Boys was a vigilante group that murdered twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre.

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Regulatory Movement

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This was a North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.

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Stamp Act

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This was a direct tax that was imposed by the British Parliament on the colonies of North America that were British specifically. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

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Virginia Resolves

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These were a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly. It was a response to the Stamp Act. This was the thing about the catchy "No Taxation without Representation."

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Sons of Liberty

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This as a political group made of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independent British Colonies. This group was made to change the course of events of the colonies.

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The Tories

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These were the people that remained loyal to the mother country. They were also called Loyalists. They were called "Tories" by the American patriots. 20% of Tories were driven out of the U.S. after they lost the war.

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Mutiny Act

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An act that was yearly surpassed by the parliament for governing the British Army.

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Quartering Act

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They were used by the British Forces in the American Colonies to make sure that British soldiers had provisions and a place to live.

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Townshend Act

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A series of Acts passed by British Parliament in the colonies of North America. They are named for Charles Townshend, who proposed this plan. Their purpose was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay a variety of things.

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Navigation Act

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These were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trading between England and its colonies.

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Boston Massacre

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An incident that led to the death of five civilians at the hands of British troops. This was on March 5, 1770, and sparked rebellion in the colonies.

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Samuel Adams

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Samuel Adams was a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A leader of the American Revolution and second cousin to President John Adams.

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Loyalists

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These were the people that remained loyal to the mother country. They were also called Loyalists. They were called "Tories" by the American patriots. 20% of Tories were driven out of the U.S. after they lost the war.

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Gaspee Incident

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The Gaspee Incident was the burning of a merchant ship named "The Gaspee" that was thought to be smuggling goods. It was burned on June 9, 1772, and the colonies saw this as another step to put them under British control, and to eliminate their freedoms.

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Tea Act

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An act passed by British Parliament to expand the British East India Company's monopoly to trade with all the British colonies. The act included the selling of excessive tea at a reduced price.

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Daughters of Liberty

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A group that consisted of woman that displayed their patriotism by boycotting British goods after the Townshend Acts were passed. They made homespun clothing.

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Boston Tea Party

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An action taken by the colonists towards the British government, that opposed the government and that after British officials refused to return 3 shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, the colonists threw all the tea overboard.

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Coercive Acts

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These acts were also known as the Restraining Acts. The Coercive Acts, as they were popularly known in England, were introduced in 1774 by the new government of Lord North, who acted with the direct encouragement of George III.

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First Continental Congress

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This was a meeting and a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies and they met on September 5, 1774. This was in response to the Coercive Acts.

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John Adams

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American politician and political philosopher. He was the second President of the United States and one of the most influential founding fathers of the United States.

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Battle of Lexington and Concord

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These were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. Fought on April 19, 1775.

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General Thomas Gage

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A British general that served along his future opponent, George Washington. After Montreal fell, he was named its military governor. He served as commander in chief of the North American forces, and after his Siege of Boston fail, he returned to Britain.

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Paul Revere

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American silversmith and patriot in the American Revolution. His "mid-night ride" was extremely useful for the American Revolution, in there he shouted that the British were coming.

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John Dickinson Letters from a Farmer.

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In a series of fourteen letters widely published in late 1767 and early 1768, John Dickinson counsels leaders on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean on the economic folly and unconstitutionality of new British revenue laws that ignore the rights of Englishmen living in the American Colonies.

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The Massachusetts Circular Letter

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A letter written by Samuel Adams and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. This brought tensions, and ultimately the possessing of Boston, leading to the American Revolution.