Chapter 4 Key Terms

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Robert Walpole

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.was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first Prime Minister of Great BritainWalpole served during the reigns of George I and George II

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2. Privy Council

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..a body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government.a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confidential advice on affairs of state.

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3. Benjamin Franklin

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.Franklin was a leading author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical and democratic values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment.

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4. New France

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area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763.The territory was then divided in five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland (Plaisance),[1] and Louisiana.

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5. Paltry Wages

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.

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6. Albany Plan

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Proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 in Albany, New York.It was an early attempt at forming a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes" during the French and Indian War.A committee, formed to consider the different plans, settled on Franklin's plan—making only small modifications.The Plan called for the general government to be administered by a President General appointed and supported by the Crown, and a Grand Council to be chosen by the representatives of the colonial assemblies.

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7. French Indian War

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The French and Indian War is the common U.S. name for the war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763. In 1756 the war erupted into the world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War and thus came to be regarded as the North American theater of that war.The war was fought primarily along the frontiers between the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia, and began with a dispute over the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers, the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

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9. Missionary Zeal

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.

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10. Louis Joliet

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known as Louis Joliet, was a French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America.Jolliet was born in 1645 in a French settlement near Quebec City.When he was seven years old, his father died and his mother remarried a successful merchantA good student, Jolliet attended a Jesuit school, where he studied writing, mathematics, and Latin. He was also a talented musician who played the harpsichord, flute, and trumpet.

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11. Father Jacques Marquette

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.

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12. Rene Robert Cavalier

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a French explorerexplored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France.

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13. The Iroquois Confederacy

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also known as the Haudenosaunee or the "People of the Longhouse",[1] are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North AmericaThe Iroquois League has also been known as the Iroquois ConfederacyThe Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War.

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14. King Williams War

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The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War (1689–97) was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the War of the Grand Alliance. It was fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada, Acadia, and New England.

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16. William Pitt

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was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He became the youngest Prime Minister in 1783 at the age of 24 (although at this period the term Prime Minister was not used). He left office in 1801, but was Prime Minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806.

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17. Siege of Quebec

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was fought on December 31, 1775 between American Continental Army forces and the British defenders of the city of Quebec, early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle was the first major defeat of the war for the Americans, and it came at a high price.

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18. Peace of Paris 1763

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often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.[1] The treaty marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside Europe

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19. Proclamation of 1763

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was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier.

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20. Greenville Ministry

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21. Sugar Act

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also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764.[1] The preamble to the act stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same.

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What does Bourg AC (east bank Bordeaux) specialize in?

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Ordinary, Merlot-based reds

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23. Paxton Boys

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.a vigilante group that murdered twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre. Presbyterian Scots-Irish frontiersmen from central Pennsylvania, centered in Paxton Township along the Susquehanna River, now part of Dauphin County, formed a vigilante group in response to fear and hatred of the American Indian caused largely by the French and Indian War and exacerbated by Pontiac's Rebellion.

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24. Regulatory Movement

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.a North Carolina uprising, lasting from approximately 1764 to 1771, where citizens took up arms against corrupt colonial officials. While unsuccessful, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War.

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25. Stamp Act

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.a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America. The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

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26. Virginia Resolves

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.a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765. The Stamp Act had been passed by the British Parliament to help pay off some of its debt from its various wars, including the French and Indian War ostensibly fought to protect the American colonies.

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27. Sons Of Liberty

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.a political group made up of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies. The group was designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War. These patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power through both words and deeds.

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28. The Tory’s

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29. Mutiny Act

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.an act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army. It was originally passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to the Stuarts upon William III taking the crown of England

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30. Quartering Act

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.were used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions. These acts were amendments to the Mutiny Act, which had to be renewed annually by Parliament.[1] Originally intended as a response to problems that arose during Britain's victory in the Seven Years War they later became a source of tension between inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London.

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31. Townshend Act

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.a series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. The acts are named for Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly in which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five laws are frequently mentioned: the Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act, the Commissioners of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, and the New York Restraining Act.

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32. Navigation Act

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.a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop colonial trade with the Netherlands and France. On the whole, the Acts of Trade and Navigation were obeyed, except for the Molasses Act of 1733, which led to extensive smuggling because no effective means of enforcement was provided until the 1750s. Irritation with stricter enforcement in the 1760s became one source of resentment by merchants in the American colonies against Great Britain, helping cause the American Revolution.

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33. Boston Massacre

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an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolutionary War. A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into incitement of brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd.

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34. Samuel Adams

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a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to President John Adams.

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35. Loyalists

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were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain (and the British monarchy) during the American Revolutionary War. They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men by the Patriots, those who supported the revolution.

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36. Patriots

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someone who feels or voices expressions of patriotism, support for their country.

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37. Gaspee Incident

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a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution.In a notorious act of defiance, American patriots led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted, and torched the ship.

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38. Tea Act

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an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain to expand the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade to all British Colonies, selling excess tea at a reduced price.

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39. Daughters of Liberty

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a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts. Using their feminine skills of the time, they made homespun cloth and other goods.

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40. Boston Tea Party

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a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. The incident remains an iconic event of American history, and other political protests often refer to it.

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41. Coercive Acts

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are names used to describe a series of five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America. The acts triggered outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies that later became the United States, and were important developments in the growth of the American Revolution.

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42. First Continental Congress

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a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.the Congress was attended by 56 members appointed by the legislatures of twelve of the Thirteen Colonies, the exception being the Province of Georgia, which did not send delegates.