Chapter 4: How Has Anthropological Thinking About Cultural Diversity Changed Over Time?

Front 1

capitalism

Back 1

An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the market; an entire way of life that grew in response to and in service of the market. Everything has a monetary value associated with it.

Front 2

colonialism

Back 2

Cultural domination with enforced social change

Front 3

political economy

Back 3

A holistic term that emphasizes the centrality of material interest (economy) and the use of power (politics) to protect and enhance that interest.

Front 4

neocolonialism

Back 4

The persistence of profound social and economic entanglements linking former colonial territories to their former colonial rulers despite political sovereignty.

Front 5

typology

Back 5

A classification system based on, in this case, forms of human society.

Front 6

unilineal cultural evolution

Back 6

A nineteenth-century theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies must go (or had gone) in order to reach civilization.

Front 7

social structure

Back 7

The enduring aspects of the social forms in a society, including its political and kinship systems.

Front 8

band

Back 8

The characteristic form of social organization found among foragers; a small group of people, usually with 50 or fewer members. Labor is divided according to age and sex, and social relations are highly egalitarian.

Front 9

tribe

Back 9

A form of social organization generally larger than a band; members usually farm or herd for a living. Social relations in a tribe are relatively egalitarian, although there may be a chief who speaks for the group or organizes group activities.

Front 10

chiefdom

Back 10

A form of social organization in which the leader (a chief) and the chief's close relatives are set apart from the rest of the society and allowed privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige.

Front 11

state

Back 11

A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police. A state, which has a separate set of governmental institutions designed to enforce laws and collect taxes and tribute, is run by an elite that possesses a monopoly on the use of force.

Front 12

structural-functional theory

Back 12

A position that explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of the society.

Front 13

culture traits

Back 13

Particular features or parts of a cultural tradition, such as a dance, a ritual, or a style of poetry.

Front 14

culture area

Back 14

The limits of borrowing, or the diffusion, of a particular cultural trait or set of traits.

Front 15

species

Back 15

A reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature.

Front 16

phenotype

Back 16

Observable, measurable outward characteristics of an organism.

Front 17

cline

Back 17

The gradual integration of genetic variation from population to population.

Front 18

globalization

Back 18

Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale.