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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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The study of normal structure of various body organs and their location. It tells about the basic similarities or differences within the species.
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Appendicular skeleton
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Composed of the bones of the limbs.
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Autonomic nervous system
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The part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
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Axial skeleton
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Composed of the bones located on the axis or midline of the body (skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum).
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Cardiac cycle
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Refers to the series of events happening during one heartbeat.
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Central nervous system
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The brain and spinal cord.
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Dental formula
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Places the teeth in the upper arcade in the numerator position and the teeth in the lower arcade in the denominator position. To get the entire mouth, multiply by 2.
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Endocrine glands
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The ductless glands that secrete directly into the bloodstream. They produce hormones.
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Endocrine system
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The collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards distant target organs.
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Exocrine glands
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Secrete substances through ducts. They can be simple, with a single duct (e.g., pituitary glands), or compound, with a branching duct system (e.g., mammary glands).
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General senses
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Tactile, temperature, kinesthetic, and pain senses. They are distributed generally throughout the body over the entire skin surface.
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Gestation
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Integument
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Lymphatic system
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Parturition
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Physiology
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Describes the mechanism and steps of how the body and its various components function.
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Reproduction system
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Skeletal muscle
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Smooth muscle
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Special senses
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Gustatory, olfactory, auditory, vestibular, and visual senses; concentrated in certain areas, rather than being generally distributed.
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Tissues
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Urinary system
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Also known as the renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.
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Epithelial tissue
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Tissue that covers the interior and exterior surfaces of the body, line body cavities, and forms glands. Its function includes protection from physical wear and tear as well as penetration by foreign invaders, selective absorption of substances (e.g., by the intestinal lining), and secretion of various substances.
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Epithelial tissue features
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* They consist entirely of cells.* They do not contain blood vessels (epithelial cells derive nourishment from blood vessels in the connective tissues beneath them).* At least some epithelial cells are capable of reproducing (epithelial tissue cells must be capable of compensating for wear and tear, as well as injuries).
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Connective tissue
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Hold different tissues together and provides support. It contains fewer cells and more fibers than epithelial tissue. The cells of most connective tissue produce nonliving intercellular substances that connect and give support to other cells and tissues.
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Diastole |
The relaxation of the heart chambers to receive the blood. |
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Systole |
The contraction of the heart chambers to pump the blood into body tissues and lungs. |
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Long bones |
Bones that have two extremities (epiphysis) and a shaft (diaphysis). |
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Flat bones |
Bones that are expanded in two directions to provide maximum area for muscle attachment. |
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Small bones |
Bones that are cuboidal or approximately equal in all dimensions; they are located at complex joints such as the carpus and hock joint. |
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Irregular bones |
Bones with an irregular shape, such as the vertebrae. |
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Sesamoid bones |
Tiny bones found along the course of the tendons. These bones reduce friction and change the direction of a tendon. |
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Pneumatic bones |
Bones that contain air spaces to make the skeleton lighter. |
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Fibrous joints |
Hold bones together but do not allow movement at the joint site. |
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Cartilaginous joints |
Joints that allow a slight rocking movement. |
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Synovial joints |
Joints that allow free movement between bones in several directions; they usually have smooth articular surfaces covered by articular cartilage and fibrous joint capsule. |
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Skin |
The largest body organ. It consists of two main layers, the superficial epithelial layer (epidermis) and the deep connective tissue layer (dermis). |
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Epidermis |
Layer of skin composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. The surface layer dries out and is converted to a tough horny substance called keratin. |
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Dermis |
Layer of skin composed of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. |
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Hypodermis/subcutis |
Layer of loose connective tissue just below the dermis, which connect the skin to underlying muscles. It also contains some fat cells. |
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Arteries |
Carry blood away form the heart and gradually branch into smaller and smaller vessels as they course throughout the body. |
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Capillaries |
Porous, composed of a single layer of endothelium, and permit substances to move freely between the extracellular fluid (fluid surrounding cells) and blood. |
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Veins |
Many contain tiny one-way valves along their length. These one-way valves, assisted by movement of muscles in the area, help propel the blood back toward the heart. |
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Systemic circulation |
Blood moves from the heart to the body tissues and back to the heart. |
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Pulmonary circulation |
Blood moves from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again. |
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Right atrium |
Lies just above the right ventricle and receives CO2-rich blood from cranial and caudal venae cavae. |
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Left atrium |
Lies just above the left ventricle and receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. It is separated from the right atrium by an interatrial septum. |
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Right ventricle |
Receives blood from the right atrium through the right atrioventricular opening (AV opening), which is guarded by a tricuspid valve. |
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Pulmonary artery |
Originates from the right ventricle, and its opening is guarded by pulmonary semilunar valves. |
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Left ventricle |
Receives blood from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular opening, which is guarded by a bicuspid valve or mitral valve. |
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Aorta |
Originates from the left ventricle, and its opening is guarded by aortic semilunar valves. |
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Blood |
A specialized connective tissue composed of fluid and cellular portions. |
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Plasma |
Composed of 91% water, 7% protein molecules, and 2% other substances and electrolytes. It serves to suspend the blood cells and dissolve the many substances that are transported in the blood. |
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Red blood cells |
Also called erythrocytes, typically numbering in the millions per microliter of blood. They contain the protein hemoglobin that gives them the ability to carry large amounts of O2 to the body's cells. |
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White blood cells |
Also called leukocytes, typically number in the tens of thousands per microliter of blood. They are divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes. |
