Chapter 4-5

Front 1

electromagnetic radiation

Back 1

a form of energy that exhibits wavelength behavior as it travels through space

Front 2

electromagnetic spectrum

Back 2

where all the forms of radiation form

Front 3

wavelength

Back 3

is the distance between corresponding points on adjacent waves

Front 4

frequency

Back 4

the number of waves that pass a given point in a specific time, usually one second

Front 5

photoelectric effect

Back 5

the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal

Front 6

quantum

Back 6

the minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom

Front 7

photon

Back 7

a particle of electromagnetic radiation having zero mass and carrying a quantum of energy

Front 8

ground state

Back 8

the lowest energy state of an atom

Front 9

excited state

Back 9

a state in which an atom is at a higher potential energy than it has in its ground state

Front 10

emission-line spectrum

Back 10

when a narrow beam of the emitted light was shined through a prism, it was separated into four specific colors of the visible spectrum

Front 11

continuous spectrum

Back 11

a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

Front 12

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

Back 12

states that it is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle

Front 13

quantum theory

Back 13

describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles

Front 14

orbital

Back 14

a three-dimensional region around the nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron

Front 15

quantum numbers

Back 15

specify the properties of atomic orbitals and the properties of electrons in orbitals

Front 16

principal quantum number

Back 16

symbolized by n, indicates the main energy level occupied by the electron

Front 17

angular momentum quantum number

Back 17

symbolized by l, indicates the shape of the orbital

Front 18

magnetic quantum number

Back 18

symbolized by m, indicates the orientation of an orbital around the nucleus

Front 19

spin quantum number

Back 19

has only two possible values-(+1/2,-1/2)- which indicate the two fundamental spin states of an electron

Front 20

electron configuration

Back 20

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

Front 21

Aufbau principle

Back 21

an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it

Front 22

Pauli exclusion principle

Back 22

no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers

Front 23

Hund's rule

Back 23

orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state

Front 24

noble gases

Back 24

group 18 elements

Front 25

noble-gas configuration

Back 25

refers to an outer main energy level occupied, in most cases, by eight electrons

Front 26

periodic law

Back 26

the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

Front 27

periodic table

Back 27

an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties fall in the same group

Front 28

alkali metals

Back 28

elements of group 1

Front 29

alkaline-earth metals

Back 29

elements of group 2

Front 30

transition elements

Back 30

the d-block elements are metals with typical metallic properties

Front 31

main-group elements

Back 31

the p-block elements together with the s-block elements

Front 32

halogens

Back 32

the elements of group 17

Front 33

atomic radius

Back 33

one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together

Front 34

ion

Back 34

an atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge

Front 35

ionization

Back 35

any process that results in the formation of an ion

Front 36

ionization energy

Back 36

the energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an element

Front 37

electron affinity

Back 37

the energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom

Front 38

cation

Back 38

a positive ion

Front 39

anion

Back 39

a negative ion

Front 40

valence electrons

Back 40

the electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds

Front 41

electronegativity

Back 41

a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound