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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ABAB designs
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single-case designs that observe systematic changes in the participant's behavior as the treatment and no-treatment conditions alternate; the initial baseline period is followed by a treatment period, a treatment reversal period, and a second treatment period
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analog study
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a study conducted in the laboratory under conditions that are purportedly analogous to real life
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between-group designs
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designs in which two or more separate groups of participants each receive a different kind of treatment
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case study method
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a research method consisting of the intensive description or study of one person
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confidentiality
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in research on human subjects, the principle of protecting individual participants' data form public scrutiny
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confound
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a situation in which extraneous variables are not controlled or cannot be shown to exist equally in one's experimental and control groups; when there is a confound, one cannot attribute changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable
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control group
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the group in an experimental design that does not receive the treatment of interest
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controlled observation
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a research method similar to naturalistic observation in which carefully planned observations are made in real-life settings, except that the investigator exerts a degree of control over the events being observed
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correlation coefficient
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a statistic that describes the relationship between two variables. r ranges between -1.00 to +1.00; its sign indicates the direction of the association, and its absolute value indicates the strength
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correlation matrix
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an array that displays the correlations between all possible pairs of variables in the array
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correlational methods
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statistical methods that allow us to determine whether one variable is related to another; do not allow us to draw inferences about cause and effect
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cross-sectional design
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a research design that compares different groups of individuals at one point in time
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debriefing
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in research on human subjects, the legal requirement that researchers explain to participants the purpose, important, and results of the research following their participation
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deception
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deception is sometimes used in research when knowing the true purpose of a study would change the participants' responses or produce non-veridical data
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dependent variable
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the variable in an experimental design that is measured by the investigator
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double-blind procedure
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a procedure for circumventing the effects of experimenter or participant expectations; in a double-blind study, neither the participant nor the experimenter knows what treatment the participant is receiving until the very end of the study
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epidemiology
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the study of the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of illness or disease in a given population
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expectations
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what the investigator or the research participant anticipates about the experimental outcome
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experimental group
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the group in an experimental design that receives the treatment of interest
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experimental hypothesis
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the theory or proposal on which an experimental study is based; often, the hypothesis predicts the effects of the treatment administered
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experimental method
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a research strategy that allows the researcher to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables or events
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external validity
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an experiment is considered externally valid to the extent that its results are generalizable beyond the narrow conditions of the study
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factor
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the hypothesized dimension underlying an interrelated set of variables
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factor analysis
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a statistical method for examining the interrelationships among a number of variables at the same time; uses many separate correlations to determine which variables change together and thus may have some underlying dimension in common
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fraudulent data
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data that are fabricated, altered, or otherwise falsified by the experimenter
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incidence
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the rate of new cases of a disease or disorder that develop within a given period of time; incidence figures allow us to determine whether the rate of new cases is stable or changing from one time period to the next
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independent variable
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the variable in an experimental design that is manipulated by the investigator
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informed consent
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in research on human subjects, the legal requirement that researchers inform potential participants about the general purpose of the study, the procedures that will be used, any risks, discomforts, or limitations on confidentiality, any compensation for participation, and their freedom to withdraw from the study at any point
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internally valid
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an experiment considered internally valid to the extent that the change in the dependent variable is attributable to the manipulation of the independent variable
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longitudinal design
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a research design that compares the same group of individuals at two or more points in time
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matching
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a term used when research participants in the experimental and control groups are "matched" or are similar on variables that may affect the outcome of the research
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mixed designs
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research designs that combine both experimental and correlational methods; participants from naturally occurring groups of interest are assigned to each experimental treatment, allowing the experimenter to determine whether the effectiveness of the treatments varies by group classification
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multiple baseline designs
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designs used when it is not possible or ethical to employ a treatment reversal period; baselines are established for two (or more) behaviors, treatment is introduced for one behavior, and then treatment is introduced for the second behavior as well; by observing changes in each behavior from period to period, one may draw conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatments
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naturalistic observation
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a research method in which carefully planned observations are made in real-life settings
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placebo effect
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the case where the expectations for the experimental manipulation cause the outcome rather than (or in addition to) the manipulation itself
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prevalence
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the overall rate of cases (new or old) within a given period of time; prevalence figures allow us to estimate what percentage of the target population is affected by the illness or disorder
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retrospective data
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data based upon people's reports of past experiences and events
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risk factor
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a variable that increases a person's risk of experiencing a particular disease or disorder over his or her lifetime
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scatterplot
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a visual representation of the relationship between two variables
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single-case designs
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designs that focus on the responses of only one participant; usually, an intervention is introduced after a reliable baseline is established, and the effects of the intervention are determined by comparing the baseline and post-intervention levels of behavior
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statistical significance
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statistical values that would not be expected to occur solely on the basis of chance; a value is considered statistically significant if it would be expected to occur by chance alone fewer than 5 times out of 100
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third-variable problem
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the possibility that a correlation between variables A and B is due to the influence of an unknown third variable rather than to a causal relationship between A and B
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within-group designs
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designs in which the same group of participants is compared at different points in time
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