Chapter 36 Bio 109

Front 1

3 levels transport occurs in

Back 1

cellular
short distance
long distance

Front 2

moves particles through selectively permeable
membranes

Back 2

transport protiens

Front 3

Molecules tend to
move____ their concentration gradients

Back 3

down

Front 4

____________ play a central
role in transport across plasma membranes of plant cells is the proton pump

Back 4

proton pumps

Front 5

proton pumps Hydrolyzes ____ to
pump H+ ions

Back 5

ATP

Front 6

membrane potential
(1) s

Back 6

forms potential E
Drives the transport of many other solute

Front 7

Differences in _________ drive water
transport in plant cells

Back 7

water potiental

Front 8

the
passive transport of water across a membrane

Back 8

osmosis

Front 9

the direction of
water movement depends on _____ and _____ together called water
potential

Back 9

solute [ ] and pressure

Front 10

Vacuolated plant cells have three major
compartments

Back 10

vacole, cytosol and cell wall

Front 11

two major plant cellular membranes

Back 11

tronoplast and cell membrane

Front 12

The traffic of materials into and out of the ______ is regulated by the tronoplast and cell membrane

Back 12

protoplast

Front 13

vacuole has a relatively ____ pH

Back 13

low

Front 14

cytosol has a relatively ___ pH

Back 14

high

Front 15

cell wall and area outside the plasma membrane have a relatively ___ pH

Back 15

low

Front 16

a low pH means a ____ [H+]

Back 16

high

Front 17

two types of transport with tissues of an organism

Back 17

apoplast and symplast

Front 18

___________ connects the symplast

Back 18

plasmodermata

Front 19

The walls of adjacent plant cells are in
contact forming

Back 19

apoplast

Front 20

3 routes of transport in plants

Back 20

apoplast
symplast
transmembrane

Front 21

route requires repeated crossing of plasma membrane

Back 21

transmembrane

Front 22

route requires only one crossing of plasma membrane and cytosol

Back 22

symplastic

Front 23

route follows the
extracellular pathway consisting of cell wall and extracelluar space

Back 23

apoplast

Front 24

functions in long-distance transport

Back 24

Bulk flow

Front 25

is much
too slow for long distance transport with in a plant

Back 25

diffusion

Front 26

 the evaporation
of the water from a leaf reduces pressure in the leaves xylem

Back 26

transpiration

Front 27

_____, ______, and a large surface area of cortical cells enhance H₂O and mineral absorption

Back 27

root hairs
mycorrhizea,

Front 28

much of the
absorbtion of H₂O and minerals occurs ______ where the epidermis is permeable to water and where ______are located

Back 28

near root tips
root hairs

Front 29

,______ extentions
of the epidermis cells account much of the surface area of roots

Back 29

Root hairs

Front 30

in the soil the water
flows into the _____ wall of epidermal cells and passes freely along the______
into the root cortex

Back 30

hydrophilic
apoplast

Front 31

(3) Most plants form a partnership with _______ for absorbing H₂O and minerals from soil.

Back 31

symbiotic fungi

Front 32

Infected roots
form _______ symbiotic structure consisting of the plants roots united
with the fungal hyphea

Back 32

mycorrhizea,

Front 33

absorbs water and selective minerals
transferring much of these to host plants

Back 33

mycorrhizea,

Front 34

Water and minerals can enter the roots via the____ or _____

Back 34

apoplast or symplast

Front 35

Some water and
minerals are transported by ____then enter strait the endodermis

Back 35

symplolast

Front 36

______ route reach the
endoplasm and are blocked by the Caparisons Strip

Back 36

apoplast

Front 37

The absent of
xylem sap depends mainly on _________and________

Back 37

transpiration and the physical properties of water

Front 38

Water potential
is created by

Back 38

root pressure
transpiration

Front 39

Water moves from ___ to ___
H20 potential

Back 39

high to low

Front 40

mediate the photosynthesis- transpiration compromise

Back 40

Guard cells

Front 41

1. Guard cells mediate the

Back 41

photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

Front 42

Each stoma is
flanked by a pair of ______which are suspended by other epidermal cells
over an air chamber, leading to the internal air space

Back 42

guard cells

Front 43

control the diameter of the stoma by changing shape, thereby widening or narrowing
the gap between the two cell

Back 43

Guard cells

Front 44

When guard cells
take in water by osmosis, they become more turgid and because of the orientation of cellulose micro fibrils, the guard cells

Back 44

buckle outward

Front 45

When cells lose
water and become flaccid, they become

Back 45

less bowed and the space between them
closes

Front 46

Changes in turgor pressure that open and close stomata result from

Back 46

the reversible uptake and loss
of K+ by guard cell

Front 47

Stoma open when guard cells actively accumulate_____ from neighboring epidermal cells

Back 47

K+

Front 48

(1)             
Stomata closing
result from an exodus off__from guard cells, leading to osmotic
loss in H2O

Back 48

K+

Front 49

What causes the K+
flux?

Back 49

Active
photosynthesis proton pumps and membrane potential

Front 50

Phloem _________ its sap from sugar source to sugar sinks

Back 50

translocates

Front 51

is the a plant organ (especially mature leaves) in which sugar is being produced by either photosynthesis of the breakdown of starch

Back 51

A sugar source

Front 52

an organ (such as growing roots and shoots, or fruit) that is a net consumer or
starch of sugar

Back 52

A sugar sink is

Front 53

The process of phloem sap flow is called ___________. In angiosperms, the specialization are______

Back 53

translocation
sieve tube members

Front 54

Sap is composed
mostly of

Back 54

sugar sucrose

Front 55

sap contains

Back 55

sap, minerals, amino acids, and hormones

Front 56

Three levels of
Sucrose Transportation

Back 56

At the cellular level across the membrane,sucrose accumulated in phloem cells by active transport
At the short distance level within organisms, sucrose migrates to phloem via the symplast
and apoplast
At the long
distance level between organism. Pull flow within sieve tubes transports phloem
sap from sugar to sink

Front 57

3 Levels of Cellular Transport

Back 57

• Cell to Cell
• Local Cellular Transport
• Long distance Transport

Front 58

pumps aid crossing substances that cannot normally make it across the membrane.

Back 58

H+ ion

Front 59

Outside cell wall is more hydrogen
and ___ pH

Back 59

less

Front 60

After H+ gets out it
will flow back in using due to the

Back 60

concentration gradient

Front 61

2 continuous compartments in
plants

Back 61

Symplast-
Apoplast- cell wall continuous

Front 62

cytosol connected by

Back 62

plasmadermata

Front 63

3 major ways plants transport.

Back 63

Symplast--Membrane transport
Apoplast--Wall Transport
Transmembrane-- goes completely across both apo- and sym- plasts

Front 64

symplast

Back 64

Membrane transport
  

Front 65

  Apoplast--

Back 65

Wall
Transport

Front 66

Transmembrane

Back 66

goes completely across both apo- and sym- plasts
only does this for signaling

Front 67

movement of liquids b/c of differences in pressure

Back 67

bulk flow

Front 68

is more selective than aplastic

Back 68

Symplastic

Front 69

Xylem movement is based on______ action

Back 69

capillary

Front 70

Gas Exchange is in leaves but also in

Back 70

root and shoots

Front 71

Water has to go in before towards the ______of the root
into the xylem before it can be transported ______

Back 71

center
upwards.

Front 72

cell wall with _____ pH thus it is very __________environment.
(Great for water.)

Back 72

root hairs
low
hydrophilic

Front 73

In the Xylem water goes _____ route

Back 73

apoplast

Front 74

Mycorrihayze and roots have a ____ relationship

Back 74

symbiotic

Front 75

fungi give the roots ______ and the plant give the fungi excess ____

Back 75

water and nutrients
glucose

Front 76

Charged molecules can't get out once inside the
symplast without a

Back 76

protien pump

Front 77

the waxy layer on the inside of the endoderm. (similar to cuticle.)

Back 77

casperian strip

Front 78

All molecules in the apoplast will eventually reach the_________ and have to cross the membrane to become symplastic

Back 78

casperian strip

Front 79

once substances reach the xylem they must cross
the _____ to be transfered up through the tracheid cell walls

Back 79

apoplast

Front 80

2 Major Mechanisms of Xylem Transport

Back 80

-Root pressure
-Transpiration

Front 81

2 Molecular forces that aid in transport

Back 81

    --Cohesion-H₂O ability
to stick together
    --Adhesion-H₂O ability
to stick to other surfaces

Front 82

However while in the sponge-like area the exodus of this water will cause an increased ___

Back 82

hydrostatic pressure

Front 83

Sucking in water in areas between spongia

Back 83

as water is removed-water clings tighter to the
wall

Front 84

Opened only when there is enough water closed
when low amounts of water

Back 84

stoma

Front 85

More _______ causing stoma to open large

Back 85

water in more pressure

Front 86

Causes stoma to be closed

Back 86

Less water more flacid

Front 87

Every stomata has

Back 87

2 guard cells

Front 88

K gets in by

Back 88

-Active photosythesis
-with ATP and glucose K can be transfered with Hydrogen cells outside the cell

Front 89

water need to go out only to bring more water in

Back 89

transpiration

Front 90

Translocation instead of Transpiration

Back 90

phloem

Front 91

Xylem alway

Back 91

goes up

Front 92

Phloem moves from

Back 92

source to sink

Front 93

Leaves are ________ in summer and fall and roots are _____                                              

Back 93

source

Front 94

Leaves
are ______ in spring and ______is roots

Back 94

sink
source

Front 95

Sap contains

Back 95

Sucrose, amino acids, hormones. nutrients

Front 96

Translocation follows ___ route

Back 96

symplast

Front 97

Sucrose is hidden by using

Back 97

starche