Chapter 35

Front 1

3 organ systems that make up the plant

Back 1

roots, stems, leaves

Front 2

root system

Back 2

how plants take up vitamins and minerals below ground

Front 3

shoot system

Back 3

How plantstake up CO2and light from above ground & convert it to sugars

Front 4

vegetative growth

Back 4

plant will be photosynthesising as much as possible to grow as large as it can before the onset of the flowering phase

Front 5

reproductive shoot

Back 5

flowers

Front 6

monocot root

Back 6

fibrous

Front 7

monocot stem

Back 7

Vascular bundles in scattered arrangement

Front 8

monocot leaves

Back 8

parallel veins

Front 9

monocot seeds

Back 9

one cotyledon

Front 10

dicot seeds

Back 10

two cotyledon

Front 11

dicot roots

Back 11

taproot

Front 12

dicot stem

Back 12

vascular bundles arranged in a ring

Front 13

dicot leavels

Back 13

branched veins

Front 14

functions of roots

Back 14

Anchoring the plant

Absorbing minerals and water

Storing carbohydrates

Roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system,

Front 15

root hairs

Back 15

hairs increase the surface area for absorption

Front 16

lateral roots

Back 16

extend horizontally from the primary root (radicle) and serve to anchor the plant securely into the soil. This branching of roots also contributes to water uptake, and facilitates the extraction of nutrients required for the growth and development of the plant.

Front 17

prop roots

Back 17

give additional support to the plant as the original root system is inadequate.

Front 18

storage roots

Back 18

storage of starch and water . They usually grow underground as protection from plant-eating animals

Front 19

buttress

Back 19

vertically flattened roots that project out of the ground and lower trunk at the base of large trees

Front 20

aerial roots

Back 20

as anchors, affixing the plant to supporting structures

Front 21

pneumatophores root

Back 21

an air-filled root (submerged or exposed) that can function as a respiratory organ

Front 22

stem function

Back 22

Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers and fruits. The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits. Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem.

Front 23

node

Back 23

points at which leaves are attached

Front 24

internode

Back 24

segments between nodes

Front 25

apical dominance

Back 25

main, central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems

inhibits axillary buds from growing

Front 26

rhizomes

Back 26

capable of producing the shoot and root systems of a new plant.

Front 27

bulbs

Back 27

food storage organs during dormancy.

Front 28

stolons

Back 28

grow at the soil surface or just below ground that form adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds

Front 29

tuber stem

Back 29

storage

Front 30

leaves are made of a ___ and a ___

Back 30

blade, stalk or petiole

Front 31

petioles are lacking in

Back 31

monocots

Front 32

trichomes

Back 32

outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense, reflect excess light, also form a sticky/ toxic barrier

Front 33

aromatic oils purpose

Back 33

pleasant smells

Front 34

simple leaf

Back 34

one leaf on petiole

Front 35

compound leaf

Back 35

two leaves on each side on petiole

Front 36

double compound

Back 36

bunch of leaves on each side of petiole

Front 37

compound leaves purpose

Back 37

less tearing, pathogen confinement

Front 38

tendrils

Back 38

help climb and support

Front 39

spines

Back 39

leaves and photosynthesis is by stem

Front 40

reproductive leaves

Back 40

-can grow into a new plant when leaves fall to ground

Front 41

bracts

Back 41

Attractpollinators

Front 42

in nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of

Back 42

epidermis which has cuticle

Front 43

in woody plants, the dermal tissue system consists of

Back 43

periderm

Front 44

xylem

Back 44

transports water and minerals

Front 45

phloem

Back 45

transports sugars, organic materials, products of photosynthesis

Front 46

xylem and phloem together in roots are called

Back 46

central pillar

Front 47

xylem and phloem together in stems are called

Back 47

vascular bundle

Front 48

ground tissue system

Back 48

all the other cells that is not dermal or vascular

Front 49

pith

Back 49

ground tissue that is internal to vascular bundle, internal to xylem

Front 50

cortex

Back 50

ground tissue that is external to vascular bundle, external to phloem

Front 51

parenchyma

Back 51

can do photosynthesis & other metabolic functions-can become any other kind of cell

Front 52

sclernchyma

Back 52

are dead at maturity,have ligninhave sclereids, can bend instead of cracking, give gritty texture to pear, nuts, have fibers which can be made into hemp ropes

Front 53

collenchyma

Back 53

have uneven walls, responsible for support & later on storage

Front 54

additional cells supporting xylem

Back 54

tracheids, vessels

Front 55

additional cells supporting phloem

Back 55

sieve tube elements, companion cells

Front 56

determinate growth

Back 56

stops growing after a certain size

Front 57

indeterminate growth

Back 57

grow continuously but may have some dormant periods

Front 58

what causes plant growth

Back 58

meristematic tissue

Front 59

apical growth

Back 59

increase in length (primary)

Front 60

lateral growth

Back 60

increase in width (secondary)

Front 61

vascular cambium

Back 61

adds layers of vascular tissue

Front 62

cork cambium

Back 62

replaces epidermis, thickens with tougher periderm

Front 63

stem cells

Back 63

meristems that stay and continue to divide

Front 64

derivatives

Back 64

meristems that become incoportated into different tissues and organs

Front 65

scars at nodes cause

Back 65

leaf fall

Front 66

apical buds are responsible for

Back 66

primary growth

Front 67

axillary buds are responsible for

Back 67

secondary growth

Front 68

bud scars

Back 68

determine the years of growth

Front 69

annuals

Back 69

complete life cycle in about a year

Front 70

biennials

Back 70

complete life cycle in about 2 years

Front 71

perennials

Back 71

live multiple years

Front 72

root cap

Back 72

protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil ( protection from abrasion = lubricates)

Front 73

zone of cell division

Back 73

closest to the root tip and is made up of the actively-dividing cells of the root meristem, which contains the undifferentiated cells of the germinating plant

Front 74

zone of cell elongation

Back 74

helps push the root further

Front 75

zone of differentiation

Back 75

maturation-becomes distinct cell types

Front 76

stomata

Back 76

which allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf

Front 77

guard cells

Back 77

regulate opening and closing of stomata

Front 78

mesophyll cells

Back 78

ground tissue in a leaf sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

palisade mesophyll in the upper part of the leafThe spongy mesophyll in the lower part of the leaf; the loose arrangement allows for gas exchange

Front 79

veins

Back 79

are the leaf’s vascular bundles and function as the leaf’s skeleton

Front 80

sheath cells

Back 80

encloses each vein in a leaf

Front 81

Dendrochronology

Back 81

the analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change

Front 82

heartwood

Back 82

the older layers of secondary xylem

no longer transport water and minerals-it is dead-it stores resins and wastes

Front 83

sapwood

Back 83

still transport materials through the xylem-still alive

outer layers

Front 84

phelloderm

Back 84

parenchyma cells interior of cork cambium

Front 85

cork cell

Back 85

exterior of cork cambium, deposits suberin

Front 86

Periderm consists of

Back 86

the cork cambium, phelloderm, and cork cells it produces

Front 87

Bark consists

Back 87

all the tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm