Chapter 35

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35.1 Introduction:

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Enlightenment means like the new world. Or not nesceseraly it can also mean relaxation. Or to change or to look at the world in a new and different way. Galileo and Issac Newton were also enlightened thinkers.

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Enlightenment:

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A change in outlook among many educated Europeans that began during the 1600's.

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Reason:

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The ability to think logically about something.

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Salons:

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In France, an informal meeting of philosophers during the enlightenment.

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Philosophers:

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A scholar or thinker.

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Government:

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The people or groups that rule a particular region.

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Individual Rights:

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The privileges of the people in a society.

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35.2 The Roots of the Enlightenment:

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Enlightenment thinking was getting bigger and bigger every day. It even grew out of the Scientific Revolution. Enlightenment also had stuff to do with the Renaissance.

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35.3 Thomas Hobbes: Absolute Rule by Kings:

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Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England. He studied at a great University called Oxford. He thought a lot about Society. He was a genius. He thought human beings were bad people. Now he was really smart, but he didn't think some things through.

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35.4 John Locke: Natural Rights:

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John Locke another smart person of the Enlightenment who also thought about Government. He was born in England in 1632. His thinking helped the Enlightenment.

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Constitutional Monarchy:

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A form of government in which the monarch's power is limited by a basic set of laws, or constitution.

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Bill of Rights:

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A list of basic human rights that a government must protect.

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Social Contract:

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An agreement in which people give up certain powers in return for the benefits of government.

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Natural Rights:

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Rights that belong to people "by nature" that is, simply because they are human beings. Life, Liberty, and The Pursuit of Happiness.

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35.5 Baron De Montesquieu Separation of Powers:

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Baron was born in France in 1689. He went to Catholic School when he was young. He was famous a couple years after in 1721 for being an awesome writer. His great and smart ideas about Seperation of Powers became the firm and strong part of The United States.

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Separation of Powers:

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The division of powers among separate branches or government.

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Despotism:

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Rule by a despot, or tyrant. Rule in a cruel way.

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35.6 Voltaire: Religious Tolerance and Free Speech:

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Francois- Marie Arouet was born in France in 1694. He was one of the best and most famous writers of The Enlightenment. One of his most popular books was: Candide. It was very funny. He loved philosophy and he didn't say that he didn't agree to people I guess to not hurt feelings he probably though it.

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Pen Name:

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A name used in place of a writer's real name.

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Oppression:

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Cruel or unjust treatment.

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Tolerance:

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The acceptance of different beliefs and customs.

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35.7 Cesare Beccaria: The Rights of the Accused:

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Cesare was born in Milan Italy in 1738. Lucky!! He was the son of an aristocrat. He attended a Catholic school when he was a young boy. During 1763 he studied criminal law and justice practice. He also received a DEGREE in not committing any crimes or doing anything bad in his entire life.

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Criminology:

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The Scientific study of crime and punishment.

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Capital Punishment:

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Punishment by death and also called the death penalty.

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35.8 The Impact of the Enlightenment on Government:

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Some monarchs from Europe tried to get new ideas for the Enlightenment. Enlightenment ideas were strong and powerful to the American Revolution. Some colonists rebelled in 1775.

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35.9 Women of the Enlightenment:

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There were many women of the Enlightenment such as: Madame Geoffrin, Abigail Adams, Olympe de Gouges, and Mary Wollstonecraft. They were all awesome women who deserve to be remembered. They believed education was important for people to learn.

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35.10 Chapter Summary:

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Well this talks about what happened in Chapter 35. What happened was that we learned what Enlightenment meant. It doesn't just mean change. It also means being smart, being educated, and think about things in many different ways. Like Isaac Newton and Galileo. Also, Mary Wollstonecraft.