Prokaryotic Cells

Front 1

What are the difference btw Prokaryotic and Eukatyotic Cells

Back 1

Prokaryotic :

1.Lacks nucleus and other membrane encolsed structures

2.Single-celled

3.DNA is a nuclear region not surrounded by a membrane

Eukaryotic Cells:

1. They have nucleus and membrane enclosed structure called organelles.

2. Multicellular organisms

3.DNA is in nucleus surrounded by a membranous nuclear envelope

Front 2

What are the similarities btw Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

Back 2

Surrounded by cell membrane or plasma membrane

Encode genetic information in DNA molecules

Front 3

There are three domains: two for Prokaryotic and one for eukaryotic. What are the Prokaryotic domains?

Back 3

Archaea

Bacteria

Hint 3

*Whenever your writing a domain always write the letter in capital letter

Front 4

True or false: Prokaryotes are among the smallest of all organisms

Back 4

True

Front 5

Prokaryotes are among the smallest of all organisms. They range from?

Back 5

Most range from 0.5 to 2.0 um in diameter

A human red blood cell is about 7.5 um in diameter

Not all are round shape some are spiral and therefore can have larger diameter

Front 6

What shape is the coccus ?

Back 6

Spherical

Front 7

What shape is Bacillus?

Back 7

Rod like

Front 8

What shape is coccobacilli?

Back 8

Short rods intermediate between rods and spherical

Front 9

What shape is Vibrio?

Back 9

Curved rods, or common shape

Front 10

What is the shape of Spirillum?

Back 10

Wavy-shaped

Front 11

What is the shape of Spirochete?

Back 11

Corkscrew-shaped

Front 12

What other shapes?

Back 12

Spindle or irregular shaped, loved shapes , square shaped

Front 13

What are the Bacterial arrangements?

Back 13

Diplo: two

Tetrads: four cells in cube

Sarcine: 8 cells in cube

Staphylo: grapelike cluster

Strepto: chains ( streptococcus; streptobacilli)

Rosette

Star shaped

Square shaped

Front 14

What is the definition of Pleomorphism?

Back 14

Bacteria of same kind may vary in shapes and sizes, depending on nutrients available in their environment.

(Cells of same species to vary in shape/ size; due to differences in structure by nutritional/ genetic differences. ) * own word

Most noticeable in aging culture where organisms have used up most of the nutrients and have deposited wastes.

Front 15

What is outside the cell membrane and composed of polymer peptidoglycan?

Back 15

Cell wall

Front 16

________ form supporting net around a bacterium that resembles multiple layers of chain-like fence.

Back 16

Peptidoglycan

Front 17

Cell wall is consist of thick, dense layer of peptidoglycan. They have as many as 40 layers of peptidoglycan, 60 to 90% of the cell wall.

Back 17

Gram positive

Front 18

Teichoic Acid

Back 18

Found in gram positive

Consist of glycerol, phosphates, and sugar alcohol ribitol

Front 19

*What blocks the final stage synthesis of peptidoglycan? And why?

Back 19

Pencillin. They divide the bacteria making it difficult to form and complete cell wall causing them to die.

Front 20

*_________ can damage the cell wall by digesting the peptidoglycan

Back 20

Lysozyme

Front 21

Most garm positive cell walls, except streptococci , contain very ______ protein

Back 21

Little

Front 22

What is protoplasts?

Back 22

When a gram positive cell is completely stripped of all peptidoglycan ( cell wall)

Hint 22

Cells with a cell membrane but no cell walls

Front 23

True or false: Protoplasts can burst unless they are kept in isotonic solution.

Back 23

True

Front 24

The thinkess of the gram positive cell wall can retain stains as ?

Back 24

Crystal violet iodine dye

Front 25

Physiological damage or aging can make Gram positive cell wall _______

Back 25

Leaky

Front 26

A Gram- positive cell wall leaky gives ?

Back 26

A gram variable or even a gram negative results

Front 27

Gram staining must be performed on cultures less than _____?

Back 27

24 hrs old

Front 28

True or False: Gram negative bacteria has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Back 28

False

It has a thin layer of peptidoglycan , only 20 to 20%

Cell walls consist of various polysaccharides proteins and lipids

Front 29

What is sheroplasts?

Back 29

Associated with Gram negative cells, always some residual cell wall, will never be completely stripped of cell wall

Have both a cell membrane and most of the outer membrane

Front 30

Acid fast bacteria

Back 30

Thick cell walls

Approx 60% lipid

Less peptidoglycan

Carbolfuchsin is used to stain acid fast bacteria

Carbolfuchsin binds to the cytoplasm and resists removal by an acid alcohol mixture

Front 31

Hydrophobic

Back 31

Water fearing

Front 32

Hydrophilic

Back 32

Water loving

Front 33

Difference btw eukaryotes ribosomes vs prokaryotes ribosomes

Back 33

Eukaryotes ribosomes have sediment rate of 80s, subunits are 60s and 40s

Prokaryotes ribosomes have sediment rate of 70s and their subunits are 30s and 50s

Hint 33

Know the numbers for the exam

Front 34

Inclusion bodies are

Back 34

Granules

Vesicles

Front 35

Monotrichous definition:

Back 35

Single polar flagellum, located at one end or pole

Front 36

Amphitrichous definition:

Back 36

Two polar flagella, one at each end

Front 37

Lophotrichous definition

Back 37

Two or more flagella, at one or both ends

Front 38

Peritrichous definition

Back 38

Flagella all over

Front 39

Atrocious definition:

Back 39

Without flagella

Front 40

Chemotaxis

Back 40

Some bacteria exhibit this. It is movement towards attractants ( positive chemotaxis) and away from repellents (negative chemotaxis)

Aka controlling the frequency of runs and tumbles to move towards attractants or away from repellents. movement of cell towards or away from chemical signal (att or repell) run.

Front 41

Phototaxis

Back 41

Bacteria that moves toward light ( positive phototaxis) or away from light (negative phototaxis)

Some move with the help of flagella

Front 42

Bacterstatic

Back 42

It just stops the bacteria from growing

Front 43

What are Pili?

Back 43

Some bacteria has pili

They are tiny , hollow projections

They are used to attach bacterial surfaces and are not involved in movement

Pilus is composed of subunits of the proteins pilin

There are two kind , conjugation and attachment

Front 44

Conjugation pili

Back 44

Some bacteria conjugation pili, or F pili (aka sex pili) attaches two cells and allow exchange of DNA

Transfer of DNA furnishes genetic variety for bacteria

Can cause problem for humans because antibotic resistance can be passed on with the DNA transfer

Front 45

Attachment pili

Back 45

(Fimbriae) help bacteria adhere to surface

Front 46

Glycocalyx

Back 46

Front 47

Simple diffusion

Back 47

Front 48

Facilitated diffusion

Back 48

Front 49

Osmosis

Back 49

Front 50

Active transport

Back 50

Front 51

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Back 51

Front 52

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Back 52

Osmosis

Front 53

Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in a ______________( contains a higher concentration of solutes than are present inside the cells)

Back 53

Hypertonic solutions

Front 54

Less solute in solution than molecule and when water enters cell, cell swells

Back 54

Hypotonic solution

Front 55

Shapes (for quick view)

Back 55

Front 56

Gram negative bactetia

Back 56

Front 57

Endotoxins vs exotoxins

Back 57

Front 58

Cell mebrane or plasma membrane

Back 58

Front 59

Cytoplasm

Back 59

Front 60

Chromatophores

Back 60

Front 61

Endospores

Back 61