Chapter 30

Front 1

Endosymbiosis theory

Back 1

A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells, evolving into organelles of eukaryotes.

Front 2

Symbiosis

Back 2

Any close and prolonged physical relationship between individuals of two different species.

Front 3

Support for Endosymbiosis Theory

Back 3

1-mitochondria replicate by fission, taking place independently of mitosis and cell division.

2-mitochondria have their own ribosomes for manufacturing proteins.

3-mitochondria have a double membrane.

4-Mitochondria have their own genome (circular).

Front 4

Nuclear Envelope support

Back 4

-evolution of nuclear envelope is based on infolding of the plasma membrane.

1. infolding in bacteria occurs today (plausibility)

2. The nuclear envelope and ER are continuous.

Advantageous because it separated transcription and translation. This gave eukaryotes more control over gene expression.

Front 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER & SER)

Back 5

a labyrinth bound compartment which synthesizes lipids, membrane bound proteins, and secretory proteins.

Front 6

Multicellularity

Back 6

The state of being composed of many cells that adhere to each other and do not all express the same genes, with the result that some cells have specialized functions.

Front 7

Phagocytosis

Back 7

Uptake by a cell of small particles or cells by invagination and pinching off of the plasma membrane to form small, membrane-bound vesicles.

Front 8

Ingestive Feeding

Back 8

Based on eating live or dead organisms or on scavenging loose bits of organic debris.

-can hunt prey, or simply attract them.

Front 9

Pseudopodia

Back 9

A temporary bulge-like extension of certain protist cells used in cell crawling and ingestion of food.

Front 10

Absorptive Feeding

Back 10

Occurs when nutrients are taken up across the plasma membrane, directly from the environment.

Front 11

Decomposers

Back 11

Protists that live by absorptive feeding on dead organic matter.

Front 12

Detritus

Back 12

A layer of dead organic matter that accumulates at ground level or on sea floors and lake bottoms.

Front 13

Parasite

Back 13

An absorptive species of a protist that damages its host.

Front 14

Eukarya

Back 14

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei.

Includes: protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Front 15

Protists

Back 15

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi.

*They do not make up a monophyletic group, instead they are referred to as a paraphyletic group (i.e. some descendants of a common ancestor, but not all).

Front 16

Paraphyletic

Back 16

Set of organisms that includes a common ancestor but does not include all of its descendants.

Front 17

Malaria

Back 17

Protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium transmitted by an infected female mosquito.

Why it is hard to control:
-developed drug resistance

-evolves quickly; outpaces vaccines

-mosquitos that are resistant to insecticides are favored, lives inside those mosquitoes.

Front 18

Oomycota

Back 18

Phytophthora infestans. A protist that was responsible for the Irish Potato famine (1845).

It led to massive crop failure; 1 million deaths out of a 9 million population; mass migration out of Ireland.

Front 19

Bloom

Back 19

Occurs when a unicellular species' population grows rapidly and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment.

Front 20

Algal Blooms

Back 20

Algal blooms are caused by the photosynthetic, toxin-producing protists called dinoflagellates.

Potential harm: toxins can build up in clams or shellfish, which can be ingested by humans. The clams/shellfish are not harmed.

Front 21

Dinoflagellates

Back 21

A single-celled organism with two flagella, occurring in large numbers in marine plankton and also found in fresh water. Some produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish, resulting in poisoning when eaten.

Front 22

Foraminiferan

Back 22

A single-celled planktonic animal with a perforated chalky shell through which slender protrusions of protoplasm extend. Most kinds are marine, and when they die, their shells form thick ocean-floor sediments.

Front 23

Primary Producers

Back 23

Organisms that produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds such as atmospheric or aquatic carbon dioxide, principally through the process of photosynthesis.

Front 24

Diatoms

Back 24

A single-celled alga that has a cell wall of silica. Many kinds are planktonic, and extensive fossil deposits have been found.

Front 25

Plankton

Back 25

The small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or fresh water, consisting chiefly of diatoms, protozoans, small crustaceans, and the eggs and larval stages of larger animals. Many animals are adapted to feed on plankton, especially by filtering the water.

Front 26

Phytoplankton

Back 26

Plankton consisting of microscopic plants.

Front 27

Food Chain

Back 27

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten.