Chapter 33

Front 1

Cambrian Explosion

Back 1

First modern organisms appear 543 mya and then BOOM! all the phyla are present!
Actual cambrian explosion refers to the divergence of body plans which took 30 - 50 my, producing all modern phyla.

Front 2

Opisthokonta

Back 2

Refers to a monophyletic group.

Includes: animals, fungi, and some closely related protist groups.

Front 3

Multicellularity

Back 3

The state of being composed of many cells that adhere to each other and do not all express the same genes, leading to cells with specialized functions.

Benefits

1. size
2. each cell has a differet functions
3. celllar differentiation

Front 4

Heterotrophy

Back 4

An organism that is unable to synthesize its own organic carbon-based compounds from inorganic sources, hence, feeds on organic matter produced by, or available in, other organisms.

Front 5

Motility

Back 5

The ability to move.

All animals must by definition move at some point in its life cycle.

Front 6

Neurons

Back 6

Nerve cells. Capable of transmitting electrical signals when excited (action potential).

Front 7

Animal

Back 7

Three traits:

1. Multicellular; also must lack cell wall

2. Heterotrophic

3. Moltile

Front 8

Comparative morphology

Back 8

The analysis of the patterns in structures within the body plan of an organism. Forms the basis of taxonomical categorization.

Front 9

Comparative genomics

Back 9

The genome sequences of different species are compared.

Front 10

Sessile

Back 10

Fixed in one place; immobile.

Front 11

Choanocytes

Back 11

Collar cells on sponges-unique to the sponge-it lines the radial canal has flagella that whip and move the water to the body cavity.

Front 12

Colonies

Back 12

Groups of attached individual cells.

Front 13

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Back 13

Network of macromolecules that occupy space not occupied by cells:

Roles:
1. scaffold to stabilize

2) influences survival, development, proliferation, migration and function of cells

Front 14

Epithelial tissue (in sponges)

Back 14

A layer of tightly joined cells that covers the interior and exterior (in contact with the outside) surfaces of the animal.

Front 15

Spicules

Back 15

Are stiff spikes of silica or CaCO3 that provide structural support to the ECM.

Front 16

Diploblasts

Back 16

Animals whose embryos have only two germ layers (Ecto/Endoderm)

Front 17

Triploblasts

Back 17

Animals whose embryos have all three germ layers (Ecto/Meso/Endoderm).

Front 18

Ectoparasite

Back 18

A parasite that lives on the outside of its host rather than within the hosts body. Fleas and lice are examples.

Front 19

Parasitoids

Back 19

An organism that practices parasitoidism- the feeding by certain insect larvae on host tissues such that the host remains alive until larval development is complete and then usually dies.

Front 20

Herbivore

Back 20

An animal that feeds on plants.

Front 21

Volatile organic compound

Back 21

Organic chemicals that are gases, produced by plants in defense.

Front 22

Suspension feeders

Back 22

An animal that feeds on material (such as planktonic organisms) suspended in water and that usually has various structural modifications for straining out its food (filters water).

Front 23

Deposit feeders

Back 23

Usually an aquatic animal that feeds on small specks of organic matter that have drifted down through the water and settled on the bottom.

Front 24

Fluid feeders

Back 24

Are organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms.
Examples:

1. Hematophagy- feeding on blood.

2. Nectarivore- feeding on nectar.

Front 25

Mass feeders

Back 25

An animal that ingests chunks of food.

Front 26

Asexual reproduction

Back 26

The type of reproduction that does not involve gametes and where the offspring grows off from the adult.

Front 27

Sexual reproduction (internal)

Back 27

A male typically inserts a sperm-transfer organ into the body of a female. In some animal species, males produce sperm in packets, which females then pick up and insert into their own bodies.

Front 28

Sexual reproduction (external)

Back 28

Common in aquatic species. Females lay eggs onto a substrate or release then into the open water. Males shed sperm, which swim, on or near the eggs or into open water.

Front 29

Viviparous

Back 29

Animal whose eggs develop inside the female.

Front 30

Oviparous

Back 30

Egg-laying.

Front 31

Ovoviviparous

Back 31

Producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

Front 32

Metamorphosis

Back 32

A drastic change from one developmental stage to another.

Front 33

Life cycle

Back 33

A type of development consisting of four distinct stages - egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

Front 34

Larvae

Back 34

Look radically different from adults, live in different environments, and eat different foods.

Front 35

Juveniles

Back 35

Look similar to the adults but still live in different environments and eat different foods. Sexually immature.

Front 36

Adults

Back 36

Fully mature and can reproduce.