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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Language
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A body of symbols and the systems for their use in messages that are common to people of the same speech community
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Speech community
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A group of people who speak the same language (also called a language community)
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Words
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Symbols used by a a speech community to represent objects, ideas, and feelings
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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a theory claiming that language influences perception
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Uses of Language
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-To designate, label, define, and limit
-To evaluate -To discuss things outside our immediate experience -To talk about language |
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The relationship between language and meaning is not simple because:
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-The meaning of words is in people, not the words themselves
-Words have two levels of meaning -Meaning depends on syntactic context -Language changes over time |
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Words have two levels of meaning:
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-Denotation
-Connotation |
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Denotation
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The direct, explicit meaning a speech community formally gives a word
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Connotation
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The feelings or evaluations we associate with a word
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Syntatic context
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The position of a word in a sentence and the other words around it
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Cultural Differences
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Low-context culture
High-context culture |
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Gender differences:
Feminine sytles of language Masculine styles of language |
Feminine styles of language: Use words of empathy and support, emphasize concrete and personal language, and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking
Masculine styles of language: Use words of status and problem solving, emphasize abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking |
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Low-context cultures
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Cultures in which messages are direct, specific, and detailed
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High-context culture
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Cultures in which messages are indirect, general, and ambiguous.
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Improving Verbal Skills
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Choose specific language
Develop verbal vividness Develop verbal emphasis Provide details and examples Date information Index generalizations |
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Choose specific language
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-Specific words
-Concrete words -Precise words |
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Specific words
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Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular item or group within that category
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Concrete words
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Words that appeal to the senses and help use see, hear, smell, taste, or touch.
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Precise words
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Words that narrow a larger category to a smaller group within that category.
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Develop verbal vividness
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Similes
Metaphors Common vivid words |
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Simile
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A direct comparison of dissimilar things
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Vivid wording
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wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright, and intense
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Metaphor
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A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between obejects being compared.
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Develop verbal emphasis
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Proportion
Repetition Transitions |
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Emphasis
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The importance given to certain words or ideas
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Speak Appropraitely
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Adapt your vocabulary to the listener
Use jargon sparingly Use slang in appropriate situations Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity |
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Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity:
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-Generic language
-Nonparallel language -Marking -Emphasizing an irrelevant relationship |
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Jargon
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Technical terms whose meanings are understood only by select groups
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Linguistic sensitivity
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Language choices that demonstrate respect to the listener(s)
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Speak Appropriatly
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Adapt your vocabulary to the listener
Use jargon sparingly Use slang in appropriate situations Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity |
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Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity:
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-Generic language
-Nonparallel language -Marking -Emphasizing an irrelevant relationship |
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Jargon
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Technical terms whose meanings are understood only by select groups
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Linguistic sensitivity
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Language choices that demonstrate respect for listener(s)
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Slang
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Informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society
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Generic language
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Using words that may apply only to one sex, race, or other groups as though they represent everyone
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Use linguistic sensitivity
(from the book) |
-Adapt your vocabulary to the level of your listener
-Use jargon sparingly -Use slang appropriate to the listeners and to the situation -Use inclusive language -Use non offensive language |