Chapter 3: The Chemical Building Blocks

Front 1

Biological molecules consist primarily of:

Back 1

Carbon bonded to carbon or carbon bonded to other molecules.

Front 2

Carbon can form up to ___ covalent bonds.

Back 2

4.

Front 3

Carbon may be bonded to _________ _______ with specific properties.

Back 3

Functional groups

Front 4

______ are molecules with the same chemical formula.

Back 4

Isomers. (Structural isomers, stereoisomers)

Front 5

_____ molecules are mirror-images of each other.

Back 5

Chiral.

Front 6

Biological molecules are typically large molecules constructed from:

Back 6

Smaller subunits.

Front 7

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water.

Back 7

Dehydration synthesis.

Front 8

Breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water.

Back 8

Hydrolysis.

Front 9

Glucose:

Back 9

A monosaccharide - single sugar. Contains 6 carbons. Very important in energy storage. Fructose is a structural isomer of glucose. Galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose.

Front 10

Disaccharides :

Back 10

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. Used for sugar transport or energy storage. Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Front 11

Polysaccharides:

Back 11

Long chains of sugars, used for energy storage. plants use starch, animals use glycogen. Used for structural support. Plants use cellulose. Animals use chitin.

Front 12

Two types of nucleus acids:

Back 12

DNA and RNA

Front 13

Functions: specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information.

Back 13

DNA and RNA

Front 14

Nucleus acids are polymers of _____________.

Back 14

Nucleotides.

Front 15

Nucleotides:

Back 15

Sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base.

Sugar is deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA.

Front 16

What is ATP?

Back 16

Adenosine triphosphate: primary energy currency of the cell.

Front 17

NAD+ and FAD

Back 17

Electron carriers for many cellular reactions.

Front 18

Protein functions include:

Back 18

Enzyme catalysts, defense, transport, support, motion, regulation, storage.

Front 19

Proteins are polymers of _____ _____.

Back 19

Amino acids.

Front 20

Peptide bonds form between adjacent _____ _____.

Back 20

Amino acids.

Front 21

_____ are common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides.

Back 21

Motifs.

Front 22

_______ are functional regions of a polypeptide.

Back 22

Domains.

Front 23

________ is a change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function.

Back 23

Denaturation. May involve complete unfolding, caused by changing in protein’s environment... pH, temp, salt concentration.

Front 24

______ are a group of molecules that are insoluble in water.

Back 24

Lipids.

Front 25

A high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds causes lipid molecules to be ___________.

Back 25

Hydrophobic

Front 26

Phospholipids are composed of:

Back 26

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate groups.

Front 27

Phospholipids contain:

Back 27

Polar “heads” and nonpolar “tails”