Chapter 3 Genetics Cards

Front 1

If the DNA molecule was untwisted and the two strands separated, each strand could act as a template for a new complementary strand of DNA bound to a parental strand; this is the _____ model

Back 1

semiconservative

Front 2

Two parental strands of DNA remain together or pair again after replication and, as a whole, serve as a template for new progeny DNA double helixes. One DS is new and the other parental, in the _____ model

Back 2

conservative

Front 3

The parental double helix is cleaved into double-stranded DNA segments that act as templates for new DNA segments; parental and progeny DNA segments reassemble with each other in the _____ model

Back 3

dispersive

Front 4

Matthew Meselson and Frank Stahl obtained evidence that the ______ is correct with E. coli in different nitrogen isotopes (analyzed in CsCl density gradients)

Back 4

semiconservative model

Front 5

Many Eukaryotes replicated DNA _____

Back 5

semi-conservatively

Front 6

This is vital to the transmission of genomes and the genes they contain from cell generation to the next, and from organism generation to the next.

Back 6

DNA replication

Front 7

DNA replication as whole replications in a _____ manner

Back 7

semidiscontinuous manner

Front 8

Watson and Crick's discovery of DNA structure did not reveal the 3-D model, but it revealed______

Back 8

DNA replication

Front 9

DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in_____

Back 9

all living organisms

Front 10

DNA replication starts with_____

Back 10

unwinding the DNA molecule

Front 11

2nd step of DNA replication is____

Back 11

separated the two old strands

Front 12

The last step of DNA replication is____

Back 12

making a complementary copy for each strand

Front 13

DNA polymerase ____ is one of the components need for vitro DNA synthesis

Back 13

1

Front 14

DNA Polymerase I was discovered by_____

Back 14

Arthur Kornberg (1956)

Front 15

Kornberg accompished____ with a mixture of DNA fragment, radioactively labeled dNTPs (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP) and E. coli lysate

Back 15

in-vitro synthesis

Front 16

DNA synthesis is also required ____ ions for maximum activity

Back 16

Mg2+

Front 17

dATP is ______

Back 17

Adamine

Front 18

dGTP is_____

Back 18

Guainene

Front 19

dCTP is_____

Back 19

Cytosine

Front 20

dTTP is_____

Back 20

Thymine

Front 21

All DNA polymerases ____

Back 21

link dNTPs into DNA chains

Front 22

An incoming nucleotide is attached by its_____ of the growing DNA chain

Back 22

5'-phosphate group to the 3'-OH

Front 23

Energy comes from the release of ____ from the dNTP

Back 23

two phosphates

Front 24

DNA polymerases synthesize only from____

Back 24

5' to 3'

Front 25

There are about ____ polymerase exists in E. coli

Back 25

5

Front 26

Both DNA Pol I and DNA pol ____ replicate DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction

Back 26

III

Front 27

The Pol enzymes have 3'-to-5____ activity as a proofreading mechanism

Back 27

exonuclease

Front 28

One base in a ____ is incorrect for DNA replication

Back 28

million

Front 29

DNA pol 1 5'-to-3' exonuclease active can____

Back 29

remave either DNA or RNA nucleotides

Front 30

DNA polymerase ___ are used in DNA repair

Back 30

II, IV, and V

Front 31

Gene Product DNA polymerase I comes from Gene____

Back 31

polA

Front 32

Gene Product DNA polymerase II comes from Gene___

Back 32

dnaE, dnaQ, dnaX, dnaN, dnaD, holA-->E

Front 33

Gene Product Initiator protein; binds to oriC comes from Gene____

Back 33

dnaA

Front 34

Gene Product IHF protein (DNA binding protein); binds to oriC comes from Gene____

Back 34

himA

Front 35

Gene Product FIS protein (DNA binding protein); binds to oriC comes from Gene____

Back 35

fis

Front 36

Gene Product Helicase and activator of primase comes from Gene____

Back 36

dnaB

Front 37

Gene Product Complexes with dnaB protein and delivers it to DNA comes from Gene____

Back 37

dnaC

Front 38

Gene Product Primase; makes RNA primer for extension by DNA polymerase III comes from Gene____

Back 38

dnaG

Front 39

Gene Product Single-stranded binding (SSB) proteins; bind to unwound single-stranded arms of replication forks come from Gene___

Back 39

ssb

Front 40

Gene Product DNA ligase; seals single-stranded gaps comes from Gene____

Back 40

lig

Front 41

Gene Product Gyrase (type II topoisomerase); replication swivel to avoid tangling of DNA as replication fork advances comes from Gene___

Back 41

gyrA, gyrB

Front 42

Gene Product Origin of chromosomal replication comes from Gene____

Back 42

oriC

Front 43

Gene Product Terminus of chromosomal replication comes from Gene____

Back 43

ter

Front 44

Gene Product TBR (ter binding protein); stalls replication forks comes from Gene____

Back 44

tus

Front 45

Replication starts at the origin of replication (Gene____)

Back 45

oriC

Front 46

Replication is_____

Back 46

bidirectional

Front 47

E. coli: ____ bp required for initiation

Back 47

a minimum 245 bp

Front 48

Initiator protein is DnaA (Gene___)

Back 48

dnaA

Front 49

Initiator protein is DNA helicase (Gene___)

Back 49

dnaB

Front 50

Initiator protein is DNA primase (Gene____)

Back 50

dnaG

Front 51

SSB (single-standed DNA-binding proteins) bind the____

Back 51

single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)

Front 52

_____ synthesizes RNA primer

Back 52

DNA Primase

Front 53

_____ adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer, synthesizing a new strand, displacing the SSBs proteins

Back 53

DNA polymerase III

Front 54

DNA is made in____ on the two template strands

Back 54

opposite direction

Front 55

The initiation of replication is directed by a DNA sequence called the____

Back 55

replicator

Front 56

The replicator usually includes the____ where the DNA double helix denatures into single strands

Back 56

origin of replication

Front 57

The locally denatured segment of DNA is called a____

Back 57

replication bubble

Front 58

The segments of single strands in the replication bubble on which the new strands are made are called the_____

Back 58

template strands

Front 59

When DNA untwists to expose the two single stranded template strands for DNA replication, a Y-shaped structure called a_____

Back 59

replication fork

Front 60

In many cases, each replication fork moves, so that_____ occurs

Back 60

bidirectional replication

Front 61

New strand is made ____ in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork is the leading strand

Back 61

5' - 3'

Front 62

____ stand needs only one primer

Back 62

Leading

Front 63

____ strand needs a series of primers

Back 63

Lagging

Front 64

As Helicase widens the DNA ____ relives this tension

Back 64

Gyrase (Type II topoisomerase)

Front 65

Leading strand is synthesized____

Back 65

continuously

Front 66

Lagging strand is synthesized into____

Back 66

Okazaki fragments (discontinuously)

Front 67

DNA primase provides ____ in DNA replication

Back 67

RNA primers

Front 68

RNA primers provide the area where____

Back 68

new nucleotides are added by DNA polymerase

Front 69

Each fragment reqiures a primer to begin, and is extended by____

Back 69

DNA polymerase III

Front 70

DNA Polymerase I simultaneously____

Back 70

removes the RNA primer while resynthesizing the primer region in the form of DNA (has a proofreading function too)

Front 71

Nicks remaining between the two Okazaki fragments is sealed with_____

Back 71

DNA ligase

Front 72

Some virus chromosomes (such as E. coli) have____

Back 72

circular DNA

Front 73

As the strands separate on one side of the circle, ____ form elsewhere in the molecule

Back 73

positive supercoils

Front 74

____ relive the supercoils, and allow the continued DNA separation as the replication forks advance

Back 74

Topoisomerases (gyrase)

Front 75

Replication fork of Circular DNA moves about___

Back 75

500 nt/second

Front 76

Cirlclar DNA models____

Back 76

bacteriophages

Front 77

Rolling circle replication begins with a ____ at the origin of replication

Back 77

nick (single-stranded break)

Front 78

(RC replication) The 5' end is____

Back 78

displaced from the stand

Front 79

(RC replication) the 3' ends act as a___

Back 79

primer for DNA polymerase III

Front 80

5' end continue to be displaced as the circle rolls, and is protected by____ until discontinuous DNA synthesis make it a ds DNA molecule again

Back 80

SSBs

Front 81

(Bacteriophage) The dsDNA genome circularizes its chromosome immediately after____

Back 81

infection

Front 82

____ infection integrates into the E. coli chromosome

Back 82

Lysogenic

Front 83

____ infection is a rolling circle replication producing a long concatamer of one DNA

Back 83

Lytic

Front 84

The viral____ recognizes the cos sites (12 nt-sticky ends) and makes the linear chromosomes

Back 84

endonuclase

Front 85

Basic DNA replication is very ____ in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Back 85

similar

Front 86

Eukaryotic has multiple chromosomes, and more DNA so their replication forks move much more____

Back 86

slowly

Front 87

(Eukaryotes) have ____ origin(s)

Back 87

multiple

Front 88

(Eukaryotes) a ____ replicon size

Back 88

small

Front 89

(Eukaryotes) All origins within a genome initiate DNA synthesis are____

Back 89

not simultaneous

Front 90

___ is best understood with Eukaryote replaction

Back 90

yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Front 91

(Eukaryotes) Chromosomal DNA fragments consists of 100 bp____

Back 91

ARSs (autonomously replicating sequences)

Front 92

ARSs are yeast replication, there are ____ sequence elements typically found in ARSs

Back 92

three (A, B1, and B2)

Front 93

Initiator protein in yeasts is the multiprotein____

Back 93

origin recognition complex (ORC) which binds A and B1. other replication proteins join including the one which binds to B2

Front 94

The yeast origin of replication is between regions____

Back 94

B1 and B2

Front 95

In S phase, Cdks are present, and____

Back 95

activate preRC to initiate replication

Front 96

(Eukaryotic) During G1

Back 96

replicator selection occurs

Front 97

Replication in Eukaryotes is____

Back 97

semi-conservative and semi-discontinous

Front 98

___ DNA polymerase are known in mammalian cells

Back 98

15

Front 99

____ DNA polymerases are known for nuclear DNA replication

Back 99

3

Front 100

Pol a (RNA Primase)

Back 100

initiatives new strands in replication by primase

Front 101

Pole e_____

Back 101

extend the RNA/DNA primers (leading strand)

Front 102

Pole d____

Back 102

extend the RNA/DNA primers (lagging strand)

Front 103

Other DNA polymerase are used for

Back 103

replicating mito, chloro, or used in DNA repairs

Front 104

If the gap at the end of a strand is not filled

Back 104

chromosomes would become shorter with each round of replication

Front 105

Gap of the Telomerase is filled by_____

Back 105

reverse transcriptase

Front 106

Most Eukaryotic chromosomes have___ sequences at their telomeres

Back 106

short, species-specific

Front 107

Telomere lengths are maintained by_____ which adds telomere repairs

Back 107

telomerase and DNA polymerase I

Front 108

Telomerase is composed of____

Back 108

RNA and protein

Front 109

Telomerase binds to the ____

Back 109

terminal telomere repeat

Front 110

RNA ------reverse transcriptase--------> ____

Back 110

DNA

Front 111

Additional rounds of telomerase activity____

Back 111

lengthen the chromosome by adding telomere repeats

Front 112

Telomere length is____

Back 112

varied, genetically control

Front 113

Shortening of telomere leads to____

Back 113

cell death

Front 114

When eukaryotic DNA is replicated, it complexes with____

Back 114

histones

Front 115

Transcription of histone genes is intioned___

Back 115

near the end of the G1 phase

Front 116

Translation of histone amRNA into histone proteins occurs____

Back 116

throughout the S phase

Front 117

Self assembly of nucleosome has been observed____

Back 117

only in vitro

Front 118

Primase is a _____ polymerase

Back 118

RNA

Front 119

Many types of mammalian cancer cells are notable for their _____

Back 119

telomerase activity.

Front 120

Why, exactly, is a primer necessary to initiate DNA synthesis?

Back 120

A free 3′-OH group is necessary for DNA polymerase.

Front 121

The 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity associated with DNA polymerase reduces the frequency of replication errors to_____

Back 121

1/1,000,000,000.

Front 122

The proofreading activity of DNA polymerase removes errant nucleotides from the ___ of a strand of DNA.

Back 122

3′ end

Front 123

Which E. coli DNA polymerase has the ability to "proofread" newly synthesized DNA and remove erroneous bases?

Back 123

All three do