Chapter 3 Continued

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culture shock

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a sense of confusion, uncertainty, disorientation, or anxiety that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment

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to some degree everyone is culture bound because we've internalized cultural norms and values

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sociologists use the term high culture to describe the cultural expression of a society's elite or highest social classes. examples include opera, ballet, paintings, and classical music

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popular culture

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refers to beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared within a population in everyday life

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cultural imperialism

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the cultural values and products of one society influence or dominate those of another

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cultural integration

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or the consistency of various aspects of society, promotes order and stability. some of the major reasons for cultural change include diffusion, invention and innovation, discovery, and external pressures

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diffusion the process through which components of culture spread from one society to another. such as borrowing may have occurred so long ago that the members of a society consider their culture to be entirely their own creation

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Ralph LInton estimated that 90% of the elements of any culture are a result of diffusion

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invention

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the process of creating new things, brought about products such as toothpaste,eyeglasses, flushable toilets fax machines, credit cards

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innovation

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turning inventions into mass market products also sparks cultural changes. an innovator is someone determined to market an invention, even if it is someone else's good idea

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discovery

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requires exploration and investigation, and results in new products, insights, ideas, or behavior. usually requires dedicated work and years of commitment, but some discoveries occur by chance, called the serendipity effect

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external pressures for cultural change can take various forms. in its most direct form war, conquest, or colonization--the dominant group used force or the threat of force to bring about cultural change in other groups

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pressure for change can also be indirect, for example some countries have reduced their prostitution and international sex trafficking because e of widespread criticism by the united nations and some European countries

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cultural lag

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refers to the gap when non material culture changes more slowly than material culture. cultural lag often creates uncertainty, ambiguity about what's right and wrong, conflicting values, and a feeling of helplessness.

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theoretical perspective functionalist macro

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similar beliefs bind people together and creat stabvility, sharing core values unifies a society and promotes cultural solidarity. examples: speaking the same language binds people together because they can communicate with one another, express their feelings and influence one another attitudes and behaviors

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conflict macro

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culture benefits one groups at the expense of others. as powerful economic monopolies increase worldwide, the rich get richer and the res t of us get poorer. examples: much of the English language reinforces negative images about gender ("slut"), race ("honky"), ethnicity ("jap"), and age ("old geezer") that create inequality and foster ethnocentrism

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feminist macro and micro

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women and men often experience culture differently. cultural values and norms can increase inequality because of sex, race/ethnicity, and social class. examples using male language (such as congressman, fireman, and chairman) conveys the idea that men are superior to and dominant over women, even when women have the same jobs

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symbolic interactionist micro

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cultural symbols forge identities (that change over time). culture (such as norms and values) helps people merge into a society despite their differences. examples: people can change the language they create as they interact with others. many American now us police officer instead of policeman, and single person instead of bachelor or old maid

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functionalists focus on society as a system of interrelated parts. similarly, in their analysis of culture, functionalists emphasize the social bonds that attach people to society

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functionalists, culture is a cement that binds society. norms and values shape our lives provide guideposts for our everyday behavior, and promote cultural integration and societal stability

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for functionalist all society s have similar strategies have similar needs for meeting human needs

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functionalist not aht culture can be dysfunctional. for example, when subcultures such as the Amish refuse to immunize their children, some diseases can surge in the community. various counterculture (such as paramilitary groups) can create chaos by bombing federal buildings and killing or injuring hundreds of people

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functionalism is important in showing that shared norms and values create solidarity and stability in a culture

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functionalism

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conflict theorists argue that culture can generate considerable inequality instead of unify.

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conflict theorists maintain that many cultural values and norms benefit some members of society more that others. it points that technology benefits primarily the rich.

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feminist theories: feminist scholars, who use both macro and micro approaches, agree with conflict theorists that material culture, in particular, creates considerable inequality, but they focus on gender differences

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gender affects our cultrual experiences. when media protrayals of women are absent or sterotypical, we get distorted view of reality. feminist scholars also emphasize that subcultures--for example, female students or single mothers--experience culture differently than their male counterparts do because they typically have fewer resources

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symbolic interactionism. are most interested in understanding how people create, maintain, and modify culture.

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interactionists explain how culture influences our everyday lives. language, you'll recall, shapes our views and behavior. people within and across societies create a variety of symbols that change over time.

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symbolic interactionists also note that our values and norms, like other components of culture , aren't superimposed by some unknown external force

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micro approaches are useful in understanding what culture means to people wand how these meanings differ across societies