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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antibodies
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proteins used in your immune system
defends the body from foreign invaders |
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contractile proteins
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involved in muscle movement
proteins that help with movement |
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enzymes
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proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in the body- only functions within a certain PH and temperature range
example- there is an enzyme in your stomach that breaks down proteins in food |
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hormonal proteins
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Messenger proteins that coordinate bodily activities- example- insulin controls blood sugar concentration
oxytocin- stimulates contractions for birth |
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Structural proteins
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proteins that build muscles bones fingernails hair feathers etc.
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storage proteins
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stores amino acids
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transport proteins
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proteins that carry molecules from one place in the body to another
ex. hemoglobin carries oxygen around your body through you blood |
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substrate
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the thing that an enzyme is working on- the thing the enzyme is breaking down
ex. lactase (enzyme) breaks down lactose |
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if the word ends in an -ase than the word is probably a/n ____
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enzyme
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enzymes work efficiantly and quickly because enzymes____
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can be used repeaditly and are reuseable
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Enzymes will only function within a certain narrow range of ____ and ____
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PH and temperature
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Denaturing
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when high temperatures change an enzyme's shape therefore the enzyme cannot work properly
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What enzyme breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide
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catalase
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Activation energy
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energy needed to start a chemical reaction-- enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed to start a reaction and therefore the enzyme speeds up the reaction
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA (( there are 7 differences))
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DNA has deoxiribose for its sugar and RNA has ribose for its sugar
DNA is in the nucleus while RNA is free to move around the cell DNA has thymine RNA has uracil DNA holds the code for the construction of proteins RNA is a working part that makes the proteins DNA is a double strand structure RNA is a single strand structure There is only one type of DNA there are 3 types of RNA (RNA MRNA TRNA) DNA is permanent RNA is temporary |
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what are the two kinds of purines
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adamine and guanine
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what are the 3 kinds of pyrimidines
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cytosine thymine and uracil
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what is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine
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a purine has a double ring structure and a pyrimidine has a single ring structure
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Purines bond with ____ not with ____
why? |
1) Pyrimidines
2) Purines if a purine bonded with a purine the structure would be too long and would not fit inside the double helix of DNA since purines are longer than pyrimidines since purines have two rings |
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Adanine bonds with___
Guanine bonds wtih____ Adanine bonds with ____ |
Thymine
Cytosine Uracil |
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when it comes to determining whether something is a purine or a pyrirmidine you need to observe its-_____ not ____
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1)structure (does it have one ring or two rings?)
2)who it bonds with |
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what makes up a nucleotide
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at least one phosphate group
a sugar (ribose or deoxiribose) and a base (adanine thymine....) |
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what is an ATp and what makes an ATP
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and ATP is a nucleotide
3 phosphate groups and a sugar |
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what is ATP used for
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makes other molecules reactive by transferring one of its outer phosphate groups to the molecule- important for your metabolism
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Coenzymes
what are the two types |
necessary for enzymes to function
two types- NAD and FAD |
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what are the monomers of Nucleic Acids
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Nucleotides
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what two things are involved in a bond between two nucleotides
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the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the other nucleotide
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what are two examples of Nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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what are the four types of bases in DNA
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thymine adanine guanine and cytosine
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what shape does DNA form
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a double helix
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what are the four bases found in RNA
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adanine guanine cytosine and uracil
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how many Carbons are in the sugars that are found in a nucleotide?
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5
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what two sugars can compose a nucleotide
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ribose and deoxiribose
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what kind of bond is formed between two nucleotide bases
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a hydrogen bond
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what makes a nucleotide different from another nucleotide
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the type of base it has
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what is the major structural difference between DNA and RNA
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DNA is a double helix
RNA is single stranded |
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what components of a nucleotide make up the sides of the DNA ladder
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the sugar and the phosphate group
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what does 5' mean and what group does it start with?
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it means five prime
5' starts with a phosphate group |
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what does 3' mean and what does 3' start with?
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it means 3 prime
3' starts with a sugar |
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what are the ends of the DNA strands labeled as?
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3' or 5'
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What kind of sugar is the sugar in a nucleotide?
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a pentose sugar
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what kind of bond is formed between two nucleotide bases and why does it have to be that way?
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A WEAK hydrogen bond
it has to be weak because DNA must be able to split in half in order for it to make copies of itself during mitosis |
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A rung in the DNA ladder is ____ rings long
why? |
3
since purines bond with pyrimidines and purines are two rings long and pyrimidines are one ring long |
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what are the 3 kinds of RNA
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MTR
MRNA TRNA RNA |
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what kind of bond is formed between the Phosphate and the Sugar on the sides of the DNA ladder
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a covalent bond
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what does the structure of cholesterol look like?
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4 fused rings
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what are the 4 functions of lipids
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1) insulates heat (solid fat insulates the body)
2) holds long term energy 3) makes up the cell membranes 4) water proof qualities (waxes) |
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what are the 7 different kinds of proteins
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antibodies
contractile proteins enzymes hormonal proteins structural proteins storage proteins transport proteins |
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how many letters are wrong in the DNA of a person with sickle cell anemia?
what is altered that causes the sickle shape of the cells of a person with sickle cell anemia? |
1) 1
2) the shape of the hemogloben in the blood cell is altered |
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what two atoms are found in the bases of purines
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carbon and nitrogen
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what functional group is created when a fatty acid attaches to a glycerol
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carbonyl
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glycerol is a....
sugar carb lipid protein |
NONE OF THEM
glycerol is just a compound its not a sugar carb protein or lipid or anything |
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what are the two purines and what does their structure look like
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adanine and guanine
they are double ringed structures |
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what are the three kinds of pyrimidines and what does their structure look like?
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cytosine uracil and thymine
they are single ringed structures |
