Chapter 3: Cells And Their Functions

Front 1

Cytology

Back 1

Study of cells

Front 2

Microscope

Back 2

Instrument that magnifies structures not visible to the hard eye

Front 3

Compound Light Microscope

Back 3

Earliest; most commonly used; magnify up to 1,000 times; visible light

Front 4

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 4

Greatest magnification using electron beam; 1 million times magnified

Front 5

Scanning electron microscope

Back 5

3D view; magnify 100,000 times

Front 6

Micrometer

Back 6

Metric unit used for microscopic measurements; mcm; 1/1000

Front 7

Stain

Back 7

When cells and tissues have to be colored before they can be examined

Front 8

Plasma membrane

Back 8

Outermost layers

Front 9

Absorption

Back 9

Uptake of materials from the extra cellular fluid

Front 10

Microvilli

Back 10

When the plasma membrane is folded into multiple small projections

Front 11

Phospholipids

Back 11

Main substance of the plasma membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules

Front 12

Channels

Back 12

Like pores that's help specific substances to enter or leave, selectively permeable

Front 13

Transporters

Back 13

Change shape to shuttle substances from one side to the other side

Front 14

Receptors

Back 14

Points of attachment to enter membrane or communicate

Front 15

Enzymes

Back 15

Aid in reactions that happen at the plasma membrane

Front 16

Linkers

Back 16

Structure; cell attachment

Front 17

Cell identity markers

Back 17

Proteins unique to cell; important to immune system and tissue transportation

Front 18

Nucleus

Back 18

Control center

Front 19

Chromosomes

Back 19

Units of heredity that are passed from parents to child; consists of DNA

Front 20

Nucleolus

Back 20

Makes ribosomes; little nucleus

Front 21

Cytoplasm

Back 21

Material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane

Front 22

Cytosol

Back 22

Liquid part of the cytoplasm

Front 23

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 23

Network of membranes that sort out different proteins

Rough: appearance of surface due to small ribosomes that form proteins

Smooth: synthesis of lipids

Front 24

Ribosomes

Back 24

Small bodies outside the nucleus that are involved in the manufacture of proteins

Front 25

Mitochondria

Back 25

Power house; converts energy for cells ; ATP

Front 26

Golgi apparatus

Back 26

Layers of membranes; prepare proteins

Front 27

Lysosomes

Back 27

Small sacs of enzymes: digest intracellular fluids

Front 28

Peroxisomes

Back 28

Membrane enclosed sacs in the cytoplasm; breakdown harmful substances

Front 29

Vesicles

Back 29

Small storage sacs; store material; move materials into or out of cell

Front 30

Centrioles

Back 30

Rod shaped bodies near nucleus; help separate chromosomes during cell division

Front 31

Cilia

Back 31

Hair-like projections that wave, creating movement of the fluids around the cell

Front 32

Flagellum

Back 32

Long , whiplike extension from a cell

Front 33

Semipermeable

Back 33

Permeable to some molecules but impassable to others

Front 34

Selectively permeable

Back 34

Alters who can enter and leave based on the cell's needs

Front 35

Gradients

Back 35

Differences in a particular quality between two regions

Front 36

Diffusion

Back 36

Net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Front 37

Osmosis

Back 37

Water moves rapidly through the plasma membrane of most cells with the help of channels aquaporins

Front 38

Osmotic pressure

Back 38

Pressure needed to counteract osmosis; used to describe a solutions tendency to draw in water

Front 39

Isotonic solutions

Back 39

Solutions with concentrations equal to the concentration of the cytoplasm; normal red blood cells

Front 40

Hypertonic Solutions

Back 40

Solution is more concentrated than the cellular fluid; shrunken red blood cells

Front 41

Hemolysis

Back 41

Red blood cell draws in water and bursts

Front 42

Hypotonic Solution

Back 42

A solution that is less concentrated than the cytoplasm ; swollen red blood cells

Front 43

Crenation

Back 43

Surrounding fluids lose water and shrink

Front 44

Crenation

Back 44

Surrounding fluids lose water and shrink

Front 45

Filtration

Back 45

Passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Front 46

Crenation

Back 46

Surrounding fluids lose water and shrink

Front 47

Filtration

Back 47

Passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Front 48

Active Transport

Back 48

Movement of sorties against their concentration gradients using membrane transporters

Front 49

Crenation

Back 49

Surrounding fluids lose water and shrink

Front 50

Filtration

Back 50

Passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Front 51

Active Transport

Back 51

Movement of sorties against their concentration gradients using membrane transporters

Front 52

Bulk transport

Back 52

Moving large quantities of material into or out of the cell

Front 53

Crenation

Back 53

Surrounding fluids lose water and shrink

Front 54

Filtration

Back 54

Passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

Front 55

Active Transport

Back 55

Movement of sorties against their concentration gradients using membrane transporters

Front 56

Bulk transport

Back 56

Moving large quantities of material into or out of the cell

Front 57

Vesicular transport

Back 57

Small sacs are needed for the processes

Front 58

Endocytosis

Back 58

Describes the bulk movement of materials into the cell

Front 59

Endocytosis

Back 59

Describes the bulk movement of materials into the cell

Front 60

Phagocytosis

Back 60

Relatively large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and moved into the cell; to eat

Front 61

Pinocytosis

Back 61

Plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid; cell drinking

Front 62

Pinocytosis

Back 62

Plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid; cell drinking

Front 63

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 63

Drawn into the cell by endocytosis

Front 64

Pinocytosis

Back 64

Plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid; cell drinking

Front 65

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 65

Drawn into the cell by endocytosis

Front 66

Exocytosis

Back 66

Cell moves materials out in vesicles

Front 67

Pinocytosis

Back 67

Plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid; cell drinking

Front 68

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 68

Drawn into the cell by endocytosis

Front 69

Exocytosis

Back 69

Cell moves materials out in vesicles

Front 70

Genes

Back 70

Carry the messages for the development of particular inherited character

Front 71

Pinocytosis

Back 71

Plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid; cell drinking

Front 72

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 72

Drawn into the cell by endocytosis

Front 73

Exocytosis

Back 73

Cell moves materials out in vesicles

Front 74

Genes

Back 74

Carry the messages for the development of particular inherited character

Front 75

DNA

Back 75

Makes up the chromosomes, hereditary units that control all cellular activities; double stranded helix; Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine

Front 76

Pinocytosis

Back 76

Plasma membrane engulfs droplets of fluid; cell drinking

Front 77

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 77

Drawn into the cell by endocytosis

Front 78

Exocytosis

Back 78

Cell moves materials out in vesicles

Front 79

Genes

Back 79

Carry the messages for the development of particular inherited character

Front 80

DNA

Back 80

Makes up the chromosomes, hereditary units that control all cellular activities; double stranded helix; Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine

Front 81

RNA

Back 81

Manufacture proteins according to the codes carried in the DNA; 3 main types; uracil

Front 82

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 82

Built on a strand of DNA in the nucleus and transcribes the nucleotide code; moves to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome; transcription

Front 83

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 83

Protein makes up the ribosomes, the sites or protein synesthesia in the cytoplasm; involved in the process of translating in the genetic message into a protein; translation

Front 84

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 84

Works with other forms of RNA to translate the genetic code into protein; each molecule of tRNA carries an amino acid that can be used to build a protein at the ribosome

Front 85

Meiosis

Back 85

Forms sex cells

Front 86

Mitosis

Back 86

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 87

Mitosis

Back 87

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 88

Interphase

Back 88

Stage in a cell's life cycle between one mitosis and the next

Front 89

Mitosis

Back 89

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 90

Interphase

Back 90

Stage in a cell's life cycle between one mitosis and the next

Front 91

Centromere

Back 91

Two double helices are held together at a region

Front 92

Mitosis

Back 92

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 93

Interphase

Back 93

Stage in a cell's life cycle between one mitosis and the next

Front 94

Centromere

Back 94

Two double helices are held together at a region

Front 95

Prophase

Back 95

1st stage of mitosis; each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes

Front 96

Mitosis

Back 96

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 97

Interphase

Back 97

Stage in a cell's life cycle between one mitosis and the next

Front 98

Centromere

Back 98

Two double helices are held together at a region

Front 99

Prophase

Back 99

1st stage of mitosis; each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes

Front 100

Metaphase

Back 100

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers

Front 101

Mitosis

Back 101

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 102

Interphase

Back 102

Stage in a cell's life cycle between one mitosis and the next

Front 103

Centromere

Back 103

Two double helices are held together at a region

Front 104

Prophase

Back 104

1st stage of mitosis; each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes

Front 105

Metaphase

Back 105

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers

Front 106

Anaphase

Back 106

Centromere splits; replicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell

Front 107

Mitosis

Back 107

Each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells; somatic cells

Front 108

Interphase

Back 108

Stage in a cell's life cycle between one mitosis and the next

Front 109

Centromere

Back 109

Two double helices are held together at a region

Front 110

Prophase

Back 110

1st stage of mitosis; each replicated chromosome winds up tightly and separates from the other replicated chromosomes

Front 111

Metaphase

Back 111

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers

Front 112

Anaphase

Back 112

Centromere splits; replicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell

Front 113

Telophase

Back 113

A membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes, forming 2 new nuclei

Front 114

Mutation

Back 114

Natural occurrence in the process of cell division and is increased by exposure to harmful substances and radiation in the environment

Front 115

Characteristics of life

Back 115

Metabolism, responsiveness, organization, homeostasis, reproduction and growth