Chapter 3: Cells

Front 1

nucleus

Back 1

outer boundary is a porous double-layered membrane with large nuclear pores, control center, has nucleolus and chromatin.

Front 2

nucleolus

Back 2

organelle contained in the nucleus made up of RNA and protein with the function to produce ribosomes.

Front 3

chromatin

Back 3

loose complex of proteins in DNA, will coil up into chromosomes during cell division, inside nucleus

Front 4

cytoplasm

Back 4

region between the nucleus and the outer limits of the cell

Front 5

cytoskeleton

Back 5

the basic shape or framework of a cell, components of cytoplasm help to contribute to this.

Front 6

cytosol

Back 6

clear liquid in the space of the cytoplasm

Front 7

organelles

Back 7

structures made of macromolecules that play specific roles for the cell

Front 8

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 8

tubular transport system for the cell that has no texture on its surface and functions in lipid synthesis

Front 9

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 9

tubular transport system for the cell that has texture on its surface and functions in protein synthesis

Front 10

golgi apparatus

Back 10

flatten membranous sacs that function to receive substances from the cell to refine, modify, package into vesicles, and deliver

Front 11

mitochondria

Back 11

double-membrane organelle that functions to produce ATP, more active cells have more of these.

Front 12

lysosomes

Back 12

membranous sac organelle that contain digestive enzymes to eliminate general waste or unwanted materials

Front 13

peroxisomes

Back 13

membranous organelles that contain digestive enzymes to eliminate lipids, biochemicals, detoxify alcohol, and create bile acids

Front 14

microfilaments and microtubules

Back 14

threadlike structures within the cytoplasm to provide shape and structure for the cytoskeleton and to serve as tracks for locomotion within the cell and during cell division.

Front 15

centrosome

Back 15

non-membranous structure composed of a pair of rod-like centrioles that are important during cell division

Front 16

cilia

Back 16

motile extension of cell membrane that provide a current to promote movement in a particular direction outside of the cell

Front 17

flagella

Back 17

motile extension of the cell membrane that is a single whip like tail made up of microtubules that provide an undulating motion for the cell to move

Front 18

plasma membrane

Back 18

thin, selectively permeable complex surface, allows cells to interact with one another and make temporary connections, signal transduction

Front 19

signal transduction

Back 19

the ability for the cell membrane to sense or detect stimuli and changes surrounding the cell and to send the information into the cell

Front 20

basic framework of cell membrane

Back 20

double layered phospholipids. inner and outer layer has hydrophilic heads that protrude toward the interior of cell and outward toward the water soluble environment. hydrophobic tails are together creating a water-insoluble layer. only lipid soluble materials can pass through freely.

Front 21

cholesterol

Back 21

embedded into the phospholipid layers to strengthen the framework and make the cell membrane less permeable to water.

Front 22

receptor proteins

Back 22

fibrous strands that has a sensory function and performs signal transduction

Front 23

channel proteins

Back 23

globular shaped that serve as pre-like structures to allow substances a passageway in and out of the cell

Front 24

carbohydrates

Back 24

provide more structure to the cell membrane

Front 25

glycoproteins

Back 25

associations between carbohydrates and proteins and serves as identification tool among the cells, help cells to recognize self cells from foreign cells.

Front 26

cellular adhesion molecules (cams)

Back 26

structures that allow cells to make temporary connections and interactions with other cell structures

Front 27

solvents

Back 27

substances that are in the greatest amounts

Front 28

solutes

Back 28

substances that are in the smaller amounts and are being dissolved into the solvents

Front 29

intracellular fluids

Back 29

fluids contained in the cell

Front 30

interstitial fluids

Back 30

fluids between cells

Front 31

passive mechanisms

Back 31

mechanisms that allow materials to travel through a membrane without any effort or use use ATP, usually moves with gradient. (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration)

Front 32

active mechanisms

Back 32

mechanisms that require the cell to use ATP to move materials across the cell membrane. (active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis)

Front 33

diffusion

Back 33

random movement of substances across a membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

Front 34

facilitated diffusion

Back 34

use or aid of channel proteins, since substances are moving from high concentration to low concentration there is no consumption of ATP, usually moves larger lipid-soluble materials

Front 35

osmosis

Back 35

diffusion of water

Front 36

osmotic pressure

Back 36

ability to lift volume of water

Front 37

isotonic solution

Back 37

solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids

Front 38

hypertonic solution

Back 38

solution that has a greater osmotic pressure than body fluids, solution will lift water from the cell so that the cell will shrink

Front 39

hypotonic solution

Back 39

solution that has a lesser osmotic pressure than body fluids, cell will lift water from the solution so the cell will swell

Front 40

filtration

Back 40

passive mechanism that uses hydrostatic pressure against a porous membrane to move small particle through the membrane

Front 41

active transport

Back 41

movement of substances across a membrane from a region of low concentration to high concentration, must use ATP to open channel protein, provide solute pumping or transporting

Front 42

endocytosis

Back 42

use ATP to produce vesicles in order to transport materials into a cell from the environment

Front 43

phagocytosis

Back 43

creates vesicles around solids in order for cell to obtain

Front 44

pinocytosis

Back 44

creates vesicles around fluids in order for cell to obtain

Front 45

exocytosis

Back 45

use ATP to produce vesicles within cell and to remove substances out of the cell and into the environment

Front 46

transcytosis

Back 46

coupling of endocytosis and exocytosis

Front 47

interphase

Back 47

longest state of dell life cycle, (G1) normal growth and metabolism, (S phase) growth and DNA synthesis, (G2) growth and duplication of organelles to prepare for the next state of the cycle

Front 48

mitosis

Back 48

nuclear division separating duplicate genetic information into two genetically identical cells

Front 49

prophase

Back 49

nuclear membrane fragments, duplicated centrioles migrating away from each other, duplicated chromatins condense into duplicated chromosomes

Front 50

metaphase

Back 50

nuclear membrane dissolves, duplicated chromosome align at the equator of the cell, centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell with microtubules called spindle fiber radiate from the centrioles to connect to each half of the chromosomes

Front 51

anaphase

Back 51

spindle fibers contract and pull apart the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Front 52

telophase

Back 52

nuclear membranes start to form around each group of chromosomes and they start to loosen into chromatins. the genetic information has divided equally into two new cells.

Front 53

cytokinesis

Back 53

cytoplasmic division that usually begins at the end of mitosis during late anaphase and telophase.

Front 54

apoptosis

Back 54

normal cell death

Front 55

cell differentiation

Back 55

cells will begin to become specialized