Chapter 3 Cells

Front 1

cell or composite cell

Back 1

vary in size and are microscopic

Front 2

plasma membrane

Back 2

separates the cell from its surrounding environment

Front 3

cytoplasm

Back 3

thick gel-like substance inside the cell with organelles suspended in watery cytosol

Front 4

nucleus

Back 4

large membranous structure near the center of the cell

Front 5

plasma membrane

Back 5

outer boundary of the cell

Front 6

membraneous organelles

Back 6

sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane

Front 7

fluid mosaic model

Back 7

theory on how the cell membranes are constructed...arranged in sheets like an art mosaic

Front 8

hydrophilic

Back 8

water loving

Front 9

hydrophobic

Back 9

water fearing

Front 10

True or False...Most of the bilayer of the cell membrane is hydrophobic; therefore water or water soluble molecules do not pass through easily.

Back 10

True

Front 11

What helps hold the cell membrane together?

Back 11

chemical attractions

Front 12

Integral membrane proteins (IMP)

Back 12

a cell controls what moves through the membranes and are receptors that react to specific chemicals in a process called signal transduction

Front 13

membranous organelles

Back 13

sacs or canals made of cell membranes.....outer cell

Front 14

non-membranous organells

Back 14

made of microscopic filaments and is the inner cell

Front 15

endoplasmic recticulum

Back 15

where proteins move through the canal, made of membranous walled canals and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout the cyoplasm

Front 16

rough er

Back 16

ribosomes on the outer wall, synthesizes proteins which will exit the cell

Front 17

smooth er

Back 17

no ribosomes, synthesizes some lipids and carbs, stores calcium, but stays inside the cell

Front 18

ribosomes

Back 18

make proteins, attached to rough er, export protein to plasma membrane

Front 19

golgli apparatus

Back 19

membranes stacked on one another, processes protein, proteins leave the final cistern in a vesicle and is secreted outside of the cell

Front 20

lyosomes

Back 20

membrane sacs that have pinched of from the golgli apparatus, cells digestive system which digest proteins

Front 21

proteasomes

Back 21

break down protein molecules one at a time by tagging each one, unfolding it as it enters the proteasome, and then breaking apart peptide bonds

Front 22

mitochondria

Back 22

majority of energy for the cell and known as the "power plant", each has it's own DNA

Front 23

peroxisomes

Back 23

often seen in the kidney and liver cells; detoxifies the membrane by removing harmful chemicals

Front 24

What are the two parts of mitochondria?

Back 24

inner membrane and cristae

Front 25

inner membrane

Back 25

breakdown of glucose to ATP

Front 26

cristae

Back 26

intricate folds that increase the surface area of the inner membrane

Front 27

nucleus

Back 27

control center of a cell; contains DNA

Front 28

DNA

Back 28

determines both the structure and function of cells and heredity

Front 29

cytoskeleton

Back 29

made up of tiny flexible fibers, provides support for the cell, can move the cell and its parts, detects changes in and out of the cell

Front 30

cell fibers

Back 30

there are 3 types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Front 31

microfilaments

Back 31

smallest cell fibers, cellular muscle, and cause a shortening of the cell

Front 32

intermediate filaments

Back 32

a little thicker than microfilaments, the supporting framework

Front 33

microtubules

Back 33

the thickest of the cell fibers and moves things around inside the cell

Front 34

centrosome

Back 34

the building and breaking apart of microtubules in the cell, the organizing center (MTOC)...plays an important role during cell division

Front 35

centrioles

Back 35

cylinders consisting of 9 bundles of microtubules, with 3 microtubules in each bundle...important for formation of cilia, flagella, and microvilla

Front 36

molecular motors

Back 36

made of motor proteins including dynein, myosin, and kinesin....moves proteins from one cell to another

Front 37

What are the 3 types of cell extensions?

Back 37

microvilli, cillia, flagella

Front 38

microvilli

Back 38

found in epithelial cells that line the intestines, they help increase the surface area inside the intestines

Front 39

cilia

Back 39

hairlike; brush materials past the cells surface

Front 40

flagella

Back 40

human sperm cells

Front 41

diffusion

Back 41

a passive transport; moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

Front 42

What are the 3 cell connections?

Back 42

Desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions

Front 43

desmosomes

Back 43

hod cells together; ex..skin cells

Front 44

gap junctions

Back 44

form gaps or tunnels that join the cytoplasm...ex.. seen in heart tissue

Front 45

tight junctions

Back 45

occurs in cells that are joined near their tip surfaces by collars of tightly fused membranes...ex. found in intestinal lining

Front 46

diffusion

Back 46

molecules cross directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Front 47

osmosis

Back 47

limits diffusion and tries to keep particles out because of water pressure due to water conduction channels

Front 48

potential osmotic pressure

Back 48

maximum pressure that could develop in a solution when separated by pure water

Front 49

isotonic

Back 49

fluid having equal pressure

Front 50

hypertonic

Back 50

high pressure causing the shrivel effect

Front 51

hypotonic

Back 51

lower pressure causing a swelling effect

Front 52

facilitated diffusion

Back 52

mediated passive transport; energy required comes from collision energy of a solute

Front 53

channel mediated passive transport

Back 53

allow only one type of solute to pass through; gated channels may be open or closed

Front 54

carrier mediated passive transport

Back 54

carrier is usually a protein and can travel in both direction depending on the direction and concentration gradient

Front 55

role of passive transport

Back 55

move substances down their concentration gradient, thus maintaining equilibrium or homeostasis

Front 56

active transport process

Back 56

require the expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell

Front 57

transport by pumps

Back 57

opposite of diffusion...move against the gradient....low to high concentration

Front 58

transport by vesicles

Back 58

move large volumes of substances at once...ex... hormones and neurotransmitters

Front 59

endocytosis

Back 59

traps material in the cell

Front 60

phagocytosis

Back 60

cell eating

Front 61

pinocytosis

Back 61

cell drinking

Front 62

receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 62

membrane receptor molecules that recognize substance to be brought into the cell...like the bouncer of the cell

Front 63

exocytosis

Back 63

molecules leave the cell

Front 64

metabolism

Back 64

chemical reactions in the cell

Front 65

catabolism

Back 65

breaks large molecules into smaller ones

Front 66

anabolism

Back 66

builds large molecules from smaller ones

Front 67

role of enzymes

Back 67

chem catalysts reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction...lock and key model..regulate cell functions...specific in their actions

Front 68

allosteric effector

Back 68

molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing it's shape

Front 69

catabolism (cell respiration)

Back 69

three pathways are glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system (ETS)

Front 70

glycolosis

Back 70

breaking of glucose and is anaerobic but has two different pathways one for oxygen and the other for no oxygen

Front 71

aerobic

Back 71

requires oxygen

Front 72

anaerobic

Back 72

requires on oxygen

Front 73

citric acid cycle aka Krebs

Back 73

metabolizes inside the mitochondria

Front 74

electron transport system ETS

Back 74

low energy electrons bind with oxygen and rejoin their proton to for water

Front 75

Tissue

Back 75

group of similar cells that perform a common function

Front 76

Matrix

Back 76

nonliving intercellular material (holds group of cells together)

Front 77

Principal types of tissue

Back 77

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous

Front 78

2 types of epithelial tissue

Back 78

membranous

glandular

Front 79

Function of membranous epithelial tissue

Back 79

covers or lines things

classified by cell shape

Front 80

Function of glandular epithelial tissue

Back 80

secretion gland tissue of the endocrine and exocrine systems

Front 81

Avascular and capable of reproduction

Back 81

epithelial tissue

Front 82

Exocrine glands

Back 82

discharge secretions into ducts

Front 83

Endocrine glands

Back 83

ductless, discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid

Front 84

Exocrine glands

Back 84

apocrine ex: mammary

holocrine ex: sebaceous (secrete oil to protect skin and hair)

merocrine ex: sweat

Front 85

4 types of connective tissue

Back 85

fibrous

bone

cartilage

blood

Front 86

Functions of connective tissue

Back 86

connect

support

transport

protect

Front 87

Fibrous

Back 87

stretchy flexible connection

irregular and regular

regular has collagenous and elastic

found in tendons and ligaments

Front 88

4 types of fibrous connective tissue

Back 88

loose

adipose

reticular

dense

Front 89

Functions of bone tissue

Back 89

support

protection

p. o. a. of muscles

reservoir for minerals

hematopoiesis

Front 90

2 types of bone tissue

Back 90

compact

cancellous

Front 91

Compact bone cell types and function

Back 91

osteocyte: inactive

osteoblast: building

osteoclast: destroying

Front 92

Cancellous bone

Back 92

made up of trabeculae(thin beams)

supports red bone marrow

produces blood cells

also known as spongy bone

Front 93

Cartilage

Back 93

chondrocyte is the only cell present

heals slowly (no vascular system)

Front 94

3 types of cartilage

Back 94

hyaline

fibrocartilage

elastic

Front 95

Hyaline cartilage

Back 95

shiny and translucent

located on ends of articulating bones and end of nose

Front 96

Fibrocartilage

Back 96

strongest and most durable

found in intervertebral disks and menisci

Front 97

Elastic

Back 97

provides strength and flexibility

located in external ear

Front 98

Formed elements 45% of total blood volume

Back 98

red blood cells

white blood cells

thromobcytes

Front 99

Function of red blood cell

Back 99

deliver oxygen and return carbon dioxcide

Front 100

Function of white blood cell

Back 100

destroy bacteria and help immune system

Front 101

Function of platelets

Back 101

aid in the clotting practice

Front 102

Hematopoiesis

Back 102

formation of blood

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Red blood cell

Back 103

erythrocyte

Front 104

White blood cell

Back 104

leukocyte

Front 105

Platelet

Back 105

thrombocyte

Front 106

3 types of muscle tissue

Back 106

skeletal (striated, voluntary)

smooth (non-striated involuntary)

cardiac (striated involuntary)

Front 107

Functions of nervous tissue

Back 107

rapid regulation and integration of body activities

Front 108

Organs of nervous tissue

Back 108

brain

spinal cord

nerves

Front 109

Cell types of nervous tissue

Back 109

neuron

neuroglia

Front 110

Neuron

Back 110

conducting unit of system

consisting of a cell body, one axon, and one or more dendrites

Front 111

Axon

Back 111

process of a neuron that transmits impulses away from cell body

Front 112

Dendrite

Back 112

process of neuron that transmits impulses toward cell body

Front 113

Types of tissue repair

Back 113

regeneration

scar

Front 114

Tissue with best ability to regenerate

Back 114

epithelial

connective

Front 115

Tissue with limited ability to regenerate

Back 115

muscle

nervous

Front 116

Body membranes

Back 116

thin tissue layers that cover surfaces, line cavities and divide spaces or organs

Front 117

Cutaneous

Back 117

skin

Front 118

Serous membranes

Back 118

parietal

visceral

pleura

peritaneum

Front 119

Parietal

Back 119

lines closed body cavities

Front 120

Visceral

Back 120

covers visceral organs

Front 121

Pleura

Back 121

surrounds lungs

lines thoracic cavity

Front 122

Peritnaeum

Back 122

covers abdominal viscera

Front 123

Mucous membranes

Back 123

lines and protects organs that open to outside the body

line passageways of respiratory and digestive tracts

protect against environmental microbes

Front 124

Connective membrane

Back 124

line spaces between bone in joints (shoulder and hip)

Front 125

Diffusion requires

Back 125

a concentration gradient