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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell or composite cell |
vary in size and are microscopic |
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plasma membrane |
separates the cell from its surrounding environment |
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cytoplasm |
thick gel-like substance inside the cell with organelles suspended in watery cytosol |
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nucleus |
large membranous structure near the center of the cell |
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plasma membrane |
outer boundary of the cell |
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membraneous organelles |
sacs and canals made of the same material as the plasma membrane |
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fluid mosaic model |
theory on how the cell membranes are constructed...arranged in sheets like an art mosaic |
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hydrophilic |
water loving |
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hydrophobic |
water fearing |
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True or False...Most of the bilayer of the cell membrane is hydrophobic; therefore water or water soluble molecules do not pass through easily. |
True |
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What helps hold the cell membrane together? |
chemical attractions |
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Integral membrane proteins (IMP) |
a cell controls what moves through the membranes and are receptors that react to specific chemicals in a process called signal transduction |
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membranous organelles |
sacs or canals made of cell membranes.....outer cell |
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non-membranous organells |
made of microscopic filaments and is the inner cell |
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endoplasmic recticulum |
where proteins move through the canal, made of membranous walled canals and flat, curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout the cyoplasm |
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rough er |
ribosomes on the outer wall, synthesizes proteins which will exit the cell |
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smooth er |
no ribosomes, synthesizes some lipids and carbs, stores calcium, but stays inside the cell |
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ribosomes |
make proteins, attached to rough er, export protein to plasma membrane |
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golgli apparatus |
membranes stacked on one another, processes protein, proteins leave the final cistern in a vesicle and is secreted outside of the cell |
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lyosomes |
membrane sacs that have pinched of from the golgli apparatus, cells digestive system which digest proteins |
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proteasomes |
break down protein molecules one at a time by tagging each one, unfolding it as it enters the proteasome, and then breaking apart peptide bonds |
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mitochondria |
majority of energy for the cell and known as the "power plant", each has it's own DNA |
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peroxisomes |
often seen in the kidney and liver cells; detoxifies the membrane by removing harmful chemicals |
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What are the two parts of mitochondria? |
inner membrane and cristae |
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inner membrane |
breakdown of glucose to ATP |
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cristae |
intricate folds that increase the surface area of the inner membrane |
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nucleus |
control center of a cell; contains DNA |
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DNA |
determines both the structure and function of cells and heredity |
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cytoskeleton |
made up of tiny flexible fibers, provides support for the cell, can move the cell and its parts, detects changes in and out of the cell |
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cell fibers |
there are 3 types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
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microfilaments |
smallest cell fibers, cellular muscle, and cause a shortening of the cell |
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intermediate filaments |
a little thicker than microfilaments, the supporting framework |
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microtubules |
the thickest of the cell fibers and moves things around inside the cell |
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centrosome |
the building and breaking apart of microtubules in the cell, the organizing center (MTOC)...plays an important role during cell division |
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centrioles |
cylinders consisting of 9 bundles of microtubules, with 3 microtubules in each bundle...important for formation of cilia, flagella, and microvilla |
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molecular motors |
made of motor proteins including dynein, myosin, and kinesin....moves proteins from one cell to another |
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What are the 3 types of cell extensions? |
microvilli, cillia, flagella |
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microvilli |
found in epithelial cells that line the intestines, they help increase the surface area inside the intestines |
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cilia |
hairlike; brush materials past the cells surface |
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flagella |
human sperm cells |
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diffusion |
a passive transport; moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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What are the 3 cell connections? |
Desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions |
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desmosomes |
hod cells together; ex..skin cells |
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gap junctions |
form gaps or tunnels that join the cytoplasm...ex.. seen in heart tissue |
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tight junctions |
occurs in cells that are joined near their tip surfaces by collars of tightly fused membranes...ex. found in intestinal lining |
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diffusion |
molecules cross directly through the phospholipid bilayer |
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osmosis |
limits diffusion and tries to keep particles out because of water pressure due to water conduction channels |
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potential osmotic pressure |
maximum pressure that could develop in a solution when separated by pure water |
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isotonic |
fluid having equal pressure |
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hypertonic |
high pressure causing the shrivel effect |
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hypotonic |
lower pressure causing a swelling effect |
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facilitated diffusion |
mediated passive transport; energy required comes from collision energy of a solute |
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channel mediated passive transport |
allow only one type of solute to pass through; gated channels may be open or closed |
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carrier mediated passive transport |
carrier is usually a protein and can travel in both direction depending on the direction and concentration gradient |
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role of passive transport |
move substances down their concentration gradient, thus maintaining equilibrium or homeostasis |
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active transport process |
require the expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell |
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transport by pumps |
opposite of diffusion...move against the gradient....low to high concentration |
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transport by vesicles |
move large volumes of substances at once...ex... hormones and neurotransmitters |
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endocytosis |
traps material in the cell |
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phagocytosis |
cell eating |
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pinocytosis |
cell drinking |
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receptor mediated endocytosis |
membrane receptor molecules that recognize substance to be brought into the cell...like the bouncer of the cell |
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exocytosis |
molecules leave the cell |
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metabolism |
chemical reactions in the cell |
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catabolism |
breaks large molecules into smaller ones |
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anabolism |
builds large molecules from smaller ones |
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role of enzymes |
chem catalysts reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction...lock and key model..regulate cell functions...specific in their actions |
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allosteric effector |
molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing it's shape |
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catabolism (cell respiration) |
three pathways are glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system (ETS) |
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glycolosis |
breaking of glucose and is anaerobic but has two different pathways one for oxygen and the other for no oxygen |
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aerobic |
requires oxygen |
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anaerobic |
requires on oxygen |
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citric acid cycle aka Krebs |
metabolizes inside the mitochondria |
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electron transport system ETS |
low energy electrons bind with oxygen and rejoin their proton to for water |