Chapter 3

Front 1

Nervous Tissue

Back 1

Compound of cells, Glial & Neurons

Front 2

Glial

Back 2

Found throughout the Nervous Tissue, holds together and maintains the chemical environment

Front 3

Neurons

Back 3

Cells in nervous tissue. Recieve, integrate, and transmit info

Front 4

Soma

Back 4

Cell body. Contains nucleus and chemistry to most cells

Front 5

Dendrites

Back 5

Receive info, thousands of connections, transmit information

Front 6

Axons

Back 6

Long fibers from soma that transmit information away (out) from the neuron

Front 7

Myelin Sheath

Back 7

Insulating material, derived from glial cells, encases some neurons

Front 8

Terminal Buttons

Back 8

Small knobs at end of axon, connect to dendrites of other neurons

Front 9

Synapse

Back 9

Junction between two nuerons (info transmitted from one to another)

Front 10

Neurons

Back 10

Nervous systems input-output devices. Recieve, integrate, and transmit info.

Front 11

Neural Impulse

Back 11

Electrochemical reaction, flow back and forth across cell membrane (not at the same rate)

Front 12

Resting Potential

Back 12

Stable, negative charge when inactive

Front 13

Polarized

Back 13

Voltage consistent, no messages sent

Front 14

Action Potential (Depolarization)

Back 14

Brief spike in electrical energy, moves along axon

Front 15

Stimulated Neuron

Back 15

Channel of the membrane briefly opens and positive ions rush in

Front 16

Absolute Refractory Period (ARP)

Back 16

Minimum length of time required before another action potential (1 to 2 milliseconds)

Front 17

ASynapse

Back 17

A "junction" where neurons transmit information

Front 18

Synaptic Cleft

Back 18

A microscopic gap between terminal button of one neuron & cell membrane of another neuron

Front 19

Presynaptic Neuron

Back 19

Sending neuron

Front 20

Postsynaptic Neuron

Back 20

Recieving neuron

Front 21

Steps of a message being sent:

Back 21

1) arrival of potential, release of neurotransmitters

2) chemical stored in synaptic vesicles

3) vesicle fuses with membrane of presynaptic cell, its contents spill into the synaptic cleft

4) neurotransmitters spread across synaptic cleft to membrane of receiving cell

5) may bind at receptor sites

Front 22

Somatic Nervous System includes two:

Back 22

Sensory neurons and motor neurons

Front 23

Sensory Neurons

Back 23

Transmit messages (eyes, ears, nose, skin)

Front 24

Motor Neurons

Back 24

Send messages for moving muscles

Front 25

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 25

Controls involuntary muscles (heart, blood vessels, intestines)

Front 26

Autonomic Nervous System includes two:

Back 26

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 27

Sympathetic

Back 27

Speeds up (fight-or-flight response)

Front 28

Parasympathetic

Back 28

Slows down, brings us back to equilibrium

Front 29

Spinal Cord

Back 29

Nerves enter and leave the brain through the spinal cord

Front 30

Spinal Reflexes

Back 30

Automatic responses without brain interaction (pull your hard away from heat)

Front 31

Types of Brain scans includes 5:

Back 31

Electroencephalogram (EEG), Computerized Axial Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Functional MRI (FMRI)

Front 32

EEG (Electroencephalogram)

Back 32

Records electrical activity in the brain (wake, sleep)

Front 33

CT (Computerized Axial Tomography)

Back 33

X-ray slices of the Brain, reassembled to give us pictures of the brain from different angles

Front 34

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Back 34

Brain activity including metabolism, blood flow, and neurotransmitter activity.

Front 35

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Back 35

Creates images by how atoms respond to magnetic pulse. Excellent detail, colour images, which chemicals are active

Front 36

FMRI (Functional MRI)

Back 36

Blood flow. (Pictures are about 1 second apart)

Front 37

Four Regions of the Brain:

Back 37

Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain and cerebral cortex

Front 38

Pons

Back 38

Connects brainstem and cerebellum, controls motor neurons, helps control vital function (respiration), works with sleep and arousal. (Damage=death)

Front 39

Medulla

Back 39

Attaches to the spinal cord, unconscious function (breathing, circulation, muscle tone), regulates reflexes (sneezing, coughing, salivating) (Damage=death/life suport)

Front 40

Cerebellum

Back 40

Motor control coordination centre, sense of equilibrium and balance. (Damage=distrup motor skills (writing, typing, music, walking)

Front 41

Midbrain

Back 41

Between hindbrain & forebrain. Sensory processes (locating sounds, voluntary movements) (Parkinson's)

Front 42

Retiuclar Formation (brain's gatekeeper)

Back 42

Runs through midbrain & hindbrain, modulation of muscles, reflexes, breathing, pain perception, regulation of sleep and arrousal. Regulates sensory input

Front 43

Reticular Formation (ascending)

Back 43

Alerts brain

Front 44

Reticular Formation (descending)

Back 44

Allows higher brain centres to either admit or block out sensory input

Front 45

Forebrain (cerebrum)

Back 45

2 large hemispheres (Left&Right), wraps around brain stem, contains important structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebrum

Front 46

Forebrain contains 4:

Back 46

Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebrum

Front 47

Thalamus

Back 47

Sensory info passes through on way to cerebral cortex, located above midbrain, integrating information from various senses

Front 48

Basal Ganglia

Back 48

5 distinct structures surround Thalamus, critical for voluntary motor control (reflexive, automatic, and rapid movements)

Front 49

Hypothalamus

Back 49

Located near base of forebrain, involved in regulation of biological drives. Left side related to reduction in eating, electrical stimulation

Front 50

Limbic System (emotion centre)

Back 50

Loosely connected network with structures, located between cerebral cortex & subcortical areas. Includes: thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, the septum. Involved in emotion, memory and motivation. Please centre

Front 51

Cerebral Cortex

Back 51

Largest part of the brain, involved in complex mental activities (learning, remembering, thinking, conciousness and sensing). Two halves (left&right). Joined by corpus callosum

Front 52

Corpus Callosum

Back 52

Joins the cereral cortex by thick bands of fibers

Front 53

Fours Lobes of Cerebral Cortex

Back 53

Occipital Lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe

Front 54

Occipital Lobe

Back 54

Back of head, primary visual cortex, visual processing

Front 55

Parietal Lobe

Back 55

Forward of occipital lobe. Includes primary somatosensery cortex, registers sense of touch

Front 56

Temporal lobe

Back 56

Primary auditory cortex. Involved in auditory processing (Broca's & Wenicke's aphasia)

Front 57

Frontal Lobe

Back 57

Contains primary motor cortex fine control over fingers, lips and tongue

Front 58

Mortor Cortex

Back 58

Can be modified by experience (amount of cortex allocated to left hand (musicians playing with dominant hand)

Front 59

Sensory Cortex

Back 59

Receives input giving rise to sensations of heat, touch, cold, and sense of balance. Proportionate size of area devoted to body area

Front 60

Broca's Area

Back 60

Production of speech

Front 61

Wernicke's Area

Back 61

Comprehension of speech

Front 62

Prefrontal Cortex

Back 62

29% of human cortex (abstract & intellectual functioning) (planning, paying attention, and getting organized)

Front 63

Cerebral Laterality

Back 63

Cerebrum divided into two spheres, each half specializes, deeper processing and spatial relationships (recognizes faces, music) on right

Front 64

Associative Cortex

Back 64

Within 4 lobes of cerebral cortex, associated with mental functions (perception, language and thought)

Front 65

Neural Plasticity

Back 65

Neurons ability to change in structure and function