Chapter 3

Front 1

Case study

Back 1

Intensive study on individual that includes clinical data, observations, medical and psychological tests, and historical/biographical information. Bad for global application, no causal info, easy to be biased.

Front 2

Levels of evidence

Back 2

1: randomized, controlled studies

2: correlational and observed studies

3: case studies and clinical judgements or opinions

Front 3

Analogue study

Back 3

Investigation that attempts to replicate/simulate a situation that occurs in real life.

Front 4

Endophenotype

Back 4

Measurable characteristics that indicate the genetic pathways involved in a disorder.

Front 5

Steps of a genetic linkage study

Back 5

-The proband and their family members identified.

-Proband asked about psychiatric history of specific family members

-These members contacted and given assessment to determine mental health status.

Front 6

Reliability: Test retest reliability

Back 6

Determines whether measure yields the same results when given at two different points in time.

Front 7

Reliability: internal consistency reliability

Back 7

Requires that various parts of test yield similar or consistent results.

Front 8

Reliability: Interrater reliability

Back 8

How consistent tests results are when scored by different t test administrators.

Front 9

Predictive validity

Back 9

How well a test or measure predicts or forecasts a person's behaviour, response, or performance.

Front 10

Construct validity

Back 10

How well a test or measure relates to the characteristics of disorder in question.

Front 11

Content validity

Back 11

How well a test measures what it is intended to measure.

Front 12

Standardizarion

Back 12

Use of identical procedures in the administration of tests.

Front 13

Standardization sample

Back 13

Sample group on which test norms are based.

Front 14

Mental status examination components

Back 14

Appearance, speech, mood, thought process, affect, thought content, memory, abstract thought, and general knowledge.

Front 15

Projective personality tests

Back 15

-Rorschach (symmetrical inkblots)

-Thematic appreciation test (30 picture cards depicting 2 people in vague scenes).

Both lack validity.

Front 16

Self report inventories: MMPI

Back 16

Personality test with 567 statements. Ask whether true or false about self. 10 clinical scales measuring different characteristics. Alert clinicians to possible faking answers.

Front 17

Self report inventories: Beck depression inventory

Back 17

21 items measuring mood, appetite, suicidal thoughts, etc.

Front 18

Limitations of self report inventories

Back 18

-No opportunity to explain answer.

-Personality can mask symptoms.

-Cultural bias of clinician, personal culture affecting response of participant.

Front 19

IQ

Back 19

Indicates individuals level of performance relative to that of other people the same age. 100 is mean. Predicts school performance, detects intellectual disability.

Front 20

Weschler adult intelligence scale

Back 20

Persons 16 and older. WAIS-IV assesses verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed.

Front 21

Stanford Binet intelligence scale

Back 21

Assesses intelligence in individuals 2-85. Examiner establishes basal age (pass all subtests) and ceiling age (fail all subtests) as part of process calculating score.

Front 22

MMPI scales: hypochondriasis

Back 22

Individuals showing excessive worry about health with reports of obscure pains.

Front 23

MMPI scales: Depression

Back 23

People suffering from chronic depression.

Front 24

MMPI scales: Hysteria

Back 24

Individuals who react to stress by developing physical symptoms.

Front 25

MMPI scales: Psychopathic deviate

Back 25

People who show irresponsibility, disregard social conventions, and lack deep emotional responses.

Front 26

MMPI scale: Masculinity femininity

Back 26

People tending to identify with the opposite sex rather than their own.

Front 27

MMPI scales: Paranoia

Back 27

People who are suspicious, sensitive, and feel persecuted.

Front 28

MMPI scales: Psychasthenia

Back 28

People trouble with fears and compulsive tendencies

Front 29

MMPI scales: Schizophrenia

Back 29

People with bizarre thoughts and behaviours

Front 30

MMPI scales: Hypomania

Back 30

People who are physically and mentally overactive and who shift rapidly in ideas and actions.

Front 31

MMPI scales: Social introversion

Back 31

People who tend to withdraw from social contacts and responsibilities.

Front 32

Criticisms of IQ

Back 32

-Reflect social and cultural factors rather than innate intelligence.

-Predictive validity low.

-Question whether current conceptions of IQ tests and intelligence are accurate.

Front 33

Bender gestalt visual motor test

Back 33

9 geometric designs in black on white. Participants copy them on piece of paper. Certain drawing impairments indicate pathology.

Front 34

Halsted Reitman neuropsychological test

Back 34

Differenciates patients with brain damage and can provide location of damage.

Front 35

DSM disorders categories: neurodevelopmental disorders

Back 35

Cognitive, learning, and language disabilities evident in early life.

Front 36

DSM disorders categories: neurocognitive disorders

Back 36

Psychological or behavioural abnormalities associated with dysfunction of the brain.

Front 37

DSM disorders categories: substance related and addictive disorders

Back 37

Excessive use of alcohol, illicit drugs, or prescription medications that results in impaired functioning; behavioural addictions such as gambling.

Front 38

DSM disorders categories: schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

Back 38

Disorders marked by severe impairment in thinking and perception, often involving delusions, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect.

Front 39

DSM disorders categories: bipolar and related disorders

Back 39

Disorder marked by episodes of mania or hypomania alternating with normal or depressed mood.

Front 40

DSM disorders categories: depressive disorders

Back 40

Disorder associated with feelings of sadness, emptiness, and social withdrawal.

Front 41

DSM disorders categories: anxiety disorders

Back 41

Disorders characterized by excessive or irrational anxiety or fear, often accompanied by avoidance behaviours and fearful cognitions or worry.

Front 42

DSM disorders categories: obsessive compulsive and related disorders

Back 42

Disorders characterized by obsessions and or compulsions and other compulsive behaviours like hoarding.

Front 43

DSM disorders categories: trauma and stressor related disorders

Back 43

Disorders associated with chronic or acute reactions to trauma and stress.

Front 44

DSM disorders categories: trauma and stressor related disorders

Back 44

Disorders associated with chronic or acute reactions to trauma and stress.

Front 45

DSM disorders categories: dissociative disorders

Back 45

Disturbance or alteration in memory, identity, or consciousness, including amnesia, having two or more distinct personalities, or experiencing feelings of depersonalization.

Front 46

DSM disorders categories: sexual dysfunctions

Back 46

Disorders involving the disruption of any stage of normal sexual response cycle, including desire, arousal, orgasm.

Front 47

DSM disorders categories: gender dysphoria

Back 47

Significant distress associated with conflict between biological sex and gender assigned at birth.

Front 48

DSM disorders categories: paraphilic disorders

Back 48

Recurrent and intense sexual fantasies or urges involving nonhuman objects, pain, humiliation, or children.

Front 49

DSM disorders categories: eating disorders

Back 49

Disturbed eating patterns and body dissatisfaction involved in bingeing, purging, and excessive dieting.

Front 50

DSM disorders categories: sleep wake disorders

Back 50

Problems in initiating or maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, sleep disruptions, sleepwalking, or repeated awakening associated with nightmares.

Front 51

DSM disorders categories: personality disorders

Back 51

Disorders involving stable personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive and notably impair functioning or cause subjective distress.

Front 52

DSM disorders categories: personality disorders

Back 52

Disorders involving stable personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive and notably impair functioning or cause subjective distress.

Front 53

Causal and contributing factors

Back 53

-biological/genetic

-environmental

-developmental

-social

-cultural

-behavioural

Front 54

Concerns with the DSM: Broadening

Back 54

Viewing mental disorders more broadly or on a continuum may have the unexpected consequences of broadening diagnostic boundaries to encompass people with less severe symptoms.

Front 55

Concerns with the DSM: Changing criteria

Back 55

Criteria for certain disorders, such as alcohol use disorders, increases numbers of people diagnosed.

Front 56

Concerns with the DSM: Outside pressure

Back 56

Decisions regarding the dsm5 has been influenced by outside pressure, such as pharma companies which can pressure to increase diagnosis.

Front 57

Concerns with the DSM: addictive disorders

Back 57

Now include behavioural addictions. Some believe that this may result in medicalization of behavioural problems.

Front 58

Concerns with the DSM: premenstrual dysphoria disorder

Back 58

Should be considered physiological or gynaecological and that it is stigmatizing to label sever premenstrual mood swings as disordered.

Front 59

Concerns with the DSM: cross cultural applications

Back 59

Prevalence of some disorders varies globally. May be that some descriptions of disorders developed in western countries do not fit others.