Chapter 3

Front 1

Organic Molecules

Back 1

has a carbon backbone (c-c-c-c)

has lots of hydrogen
Most common element in organic molecules
H O N C

96% of elements

Front 2

Inorganic Molecules

Back 2

Everything else
CO2, H2, O2, H20

Front 3

5 Major Types of Organic Molecules

Back 3

Hydrocarbons

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Front 4

Hydrocarbons

Back 4

fuel sources

Front 5

Carbohydrates

Back 5

sugars and starches

Front 6

Lipids

Back 6

fats, oils, steroids

Front 7

Proteins

Back 7

collagen, hair

Front 8

Nucleic Acids

Back 8

DNA, RNA, ATP

Front 9

Functional Groups

Back 9

'hot spots' on organic molecules

where a reaction is more likely to occur

5 groups

Front 10

Methyl Group

Back 10

lukewarm, low reactivity

hydrocarbons, lipids

R-CH3

Front 11

Hydroxyl Group

Back 11

alcohol groups

sugars and alcohols

R-OH R-O-H

Front 12

Carboxyl Group

Back 12

acid group

fatty acids, proteins

R-COOH

Front 13

Amino Group

Back 13

amino acids (eg, glycine)

R-NH2

Front 14

Phosphate Group

Back 14

ATP, DNA, RNA, FAD

some lipids=phospholipids

Front 15

Hydrocarbons

Back 15

fuel source

only class not in the body

methyl groups R-Ch3
Methane

Ethane

Propane

Butane
1. Mother; 2. Eats; 3. Peanut; 4. Butter
(numbers are number of carbons)

Front 16

Carbohydrates

Back 16

Energy molecule

4 cal/g

structural-cellulose

hydroxyl groups

Front 17

Polymers

Back 17

molecules made up of many single repeating units

Front 18

Monosaccharide

Back 18

basic unit of carbohydrates

Front 19

3 Major Carbohydrate Classes

Back 19

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Front 20

Monosaccharide

Back 20

basic unit

simple sugars

Front 21

2 Subclasses of Monosaccharides

Back 21

Hexoses-6C

Glucose (brain ATP)

Fructose (fruit sugar)

Galactose (milk sugar)

[All isomers]

Pentoses-5C

Deoxyribose (DNA sugar)

Ribose (RNA sugar)

Front 22

Isomers

Back 22

molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural formula

Front 23

Disaccharides

Back 23

2 monosaccharides joined together by a condensation reaction

mono+mono

Front 24

Condensation Reaction

Back 24

joining together by removing a molecule of water

anabolism or synthesis

Front 25

Hydrolysis

Back 25

breaking molecules apart by adding in a molecule of water

catabolism

Front 26

3 Disaccharides

Back 26

Maltose

Sucrose

Lactose

Front 27

Maltose

Back 27

glucose+glucose

Front 28

Sucrose

Back 28

glucose+fructose

Front 29

Lactose

Back 29

glucose+galactose

Front 30

Polysaccharides

Back 30

3 or more monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction

Front 31

Famouse Polysaccharides

Back 31

Plant starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Chitin

Front 32

Glycogen

Back 32

animal starch stored in muscles and liver

Front 33

Cellulose

Back 33

wood/structural (fiber)

Front 34

Chitin

Back 34

exoskeleton of insects and lobster tails

Front 35

Lipids

Back 35

fats oils, wax, steroid

hydrophobic

structural

energy molecules

long-term energy storage

9 cal/g

glycerides-->fats and oils

Front 36

Lipid Classes

Back 36

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Waxes

Steroids

Front 37

Triglycerides

Back 37

3 fatty acids+ 1 glycerol--->1 triglceride+ 3H2O

Front 38

2 Kinds of Triglycerides

Back 38

Saturated fat

Unsaturated fat

Front 39

Saturated Fat

Back 39

Bad fats

solid at room temperature

C atoms connected by single covalent bonds

Front 40

Unsaturated Fat

Back 40

good fats

liquid at room temperature

some c atoms connected with double covalent bonds

Front 41

Phospholipids

Back 41

phosphate head

1 glycerol+ a phosphate group

hydrophilic

fatty acid tails

2 fatty acids

hydrophobic

cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

Front 42

Waxes

Back 42

Structural

Bee's wax

Protects against dessication (drying out)

Cutin-waxy layer on plants

Front 43

Steroids

Back 43

cholesterol

needed in the body

sex hormones

testosterone

estrogen

Front 44

Proteins

Back 44

polymers

amino acids

building blocks for proteins

20 different amino acids

basic structure

Front 45

DNA

Back 45

Instructions (recipe book) on how many and in what order to join amino acids together to make proteins

Front 46

Dipeptide

Back 46

2 amino acids joined together by condensation reaction

Front 47

Peptide Bond

Back 47

bond between amino acids

single covalent bond

Front 48

Examples of Proteins

Back 48

Collagen

hold skin up, under structure, tendons and ligaments

Enzymes

Lactase

Muscles, hair, bone

Hemoglobin

Front 49

Protein Structure

Back 49

the structure of a protein determines it function

hydrogen bonds are responsible for shape of protein

Front 50

2 Basic Shapes of Protein

Back 50

fibrous

strands or sheets

hair, collagen

globular

enzymes

hemoglobin

Front 51

4 Basic Levels of Protein Structure

Back 51

Primary

Secondary

tertiary

quartenary

Front 52

Primary Level of Protein Structure

Back 52

sequence of order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

determined by DNA

Front 53

Secondary Level of Protein Structure

Back 53

first shape a single polypeptide chain will take

2 possible:

alpha helix

beta sheet

Front 54

Alpha Helix

Back 54

think slinky

Front 55

Beta Sheet

Back 55

accordian folding

Front 56

Tertiary Level of Protein Structure

Back 56

final shape a polypeptide chain will take

Front 57

Quartenary Level of Protein Structure

Back 57

shape due to the interaction of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Front 58

Glycoproteins

Back 58

proteins with sugar

Front 59

Lipoproteins

Back 59

proteins with lipids

Front 60

Denaturation

Back 60

change of a protein structure in a way that makes it non-functional- death of a protein

cooking an egg, fever

pH change-digestive tract

mechanically-whip, beat them