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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are organic compounds?
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carbon based molecules
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What is a functional group?
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affects the biological molecule's function in a characteristic way
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What are the 6 functional groups?
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hydroxyl (-OH)
carbonyl (-C=O) carboxyl (-COOH) amino (-NH2) phosphate (-OPO3^2-) methyl (-CH3) |
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What are the four main classes of molecules?
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carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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What is a macromolecules?
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very large molecules
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What are polymers?
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very large molecules, identical building blocks
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What are monomers?
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the building blocks of polymers
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What is a dehydration reaction?
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how monomers are linked together to form polymers, removal of water
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What is a hydrolysis reaction?
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how polymers are broken apart, addition of water
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What are enzymes?
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specialized macromolecules that speed up the reactions in cells
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What is a carb?
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a class of molecules ranging from small sugar molecules to large starch molecules
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What is a carbohydrate's monomer?
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monosaccharide (single unit sugar)
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What do monosacharides form?
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polysaccharides
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Which is sweeter fructose or glucose?
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frcutose
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What is a dissacharide and an example of one?
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when two monosaccharide monomers form by a dehydration reaction, maltose
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What is sucrose?
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a disaccharide made of a fructose and a glucose monomer
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What is starch?
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a polysaccharide that is composed of glucose monomers and is used by plants for energy storage
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What is the shape of a starch molecule?
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linked together in a straight line
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What is glycogen?
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a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and is used by animals for energy storage
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What is the shape of a glycogen molecule?
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branches off in many directions
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What is cellulose?
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a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls
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What is the shape of a cellulose molecule?
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every other bond is reversed, many strands
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What is chitin?
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a polysaccharide that is used by crustaceans or insects to build an exoskelton
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What are lipids?
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hydrophobic fats, oils, and waxes
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What are some properties of lipids?
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hydrophobic, long term energy storage, consist mainly of carbon/hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, not huge molecules, vary in structure and form
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What are the 3 kinds of lipids?
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fats, phospholipids, and steroids
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What is a fat?
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a large lipid made from glycerol and fatty acids (3, triglyceride)
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What feature makes a fat hydrophobic?
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fats have nonpolar hydrocarbon chains
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What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat?
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saturated fats have straight chains, unsaturated have bent chains due to a double bond
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What are phospholipids?
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only contain 2 fatty acids instead of 3 and have a phosphate group attached to the glycerol
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What are some functions of a phospholipid?
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form a bilayer to form cell membrane (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails)
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What is cholestereol?
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a kind of steroid that is a common component of animal cells.
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What is a protein?
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a polymer of amino acids that is involved in nearly every dynamic function in the body, very diverse, each with a specific function/structure
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What is an amino acid?
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made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group, an R group and and H
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What is the function of the R group in an amino acid?
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is replaceable and determines what protein it is.
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What is a peptide bond?
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the linkage of a carboxyl group to another amino acid- polypeptides (proteins)
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What is denaturation?
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a polypeptide chain unravels, loses its shape, and loses its function due to changes in salt concentration, pH level changes, or heat
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What are the 4 levels of structure for a protein?
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primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
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Describe the primary level of a protein.
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straight sequence of amino acids, dictated by DNA
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Describe the secondary level of a protein.
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alpha helix or pleated sheet
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Describe the tertiary level of a protein.
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a folded secondary level, 3D shape
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Describe the quaternary level of a protein.
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multiple polypeptides (tertiary proteins)
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What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?
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nucleotides
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What are the functions of DNA?
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inherited from an organism's parents, provides directions for its own replication, programs a cells activities by directing the synthesis of proteins, does not build proteins directly
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What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?
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ACTG/ACUG
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What does Sudan's IV test for and what is the sign of a positive test?
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lipids, floating red droplets
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What does Ninhydrin test for and what is the sign of a positive test?
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amino acids, purple/yellow color
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What does Biuret test for and what is the sign of a positive test?
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proteins, violet color
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What does Lugol's test for and what is the sign of a positive test?
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starch, black color
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What does Benedict's for and what is the sign of a positive test?
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reducing sugars, reddish/orange color
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