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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plant Kingdom
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Plant or land plants
Multicellular eukaryotic organisms composed of cells having plastids Primarily live on land Evolved from green algal ancestors that lived in aquatic habitats Distinguished from modern algal relatives by adaptations to terrestrial life |
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Evolutionary history of land plants
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A billion years ago, terrestrial surface bare
Some cyanobacteria crusts Origin of land plants essential to the development of substantial soils, evolution of modern plants, and animals colonizing land Living plant phyla reveal the order plants appeared Molecular and fossil data |
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First Plants
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inherited some traits from charophycean algae
Novel features due to stress on land \ possess xyloglucan carbohydrates that aided in more complex bodies tissue-producing meristems, a sporic life cycle, tough-walled spores, and the sporophyte generation |
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Distinctive feature of land plants
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Bodies composed of 3D tissues
Increased ability to avoid water loss Able to produce thick, robust bodies Dry air resistant reproductive cell Specialized structures to generate, protect, and disperse reproductive cells |
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Adaptations to life on land
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Multicellular diploid sporophyte generation advantageous because it allows a single plant to disperse widely by using meiosis to produce numerous, genetically variable haploid spores
Each spore has the potential to grow into a gametophyte |
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Sporophytes
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Plant spore cell walls contain sporopollenin to help prevent cellular damage
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10 plant phyla
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Liverworts – Hepatophyta
Mosses – Bryophyta Hornworts – Anthocerophyta Lycophytes – Lycophyta Pteridophytes – Pteridophyta Cycads – Cycadophyta Ginkgos – Ginkgophyta Conifers – Coniferophyta Gnetophytes – Gnetophyta Angiosperms – Anthophyta |
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Bryophytes
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Gametophytes dominant generation
As opposed to dominant sporophyte generation in other plants Sporophytes are dependent on gametophtye – small and short lived As opposed to independent, large and long-lived in other plants Nonvascular or lacking tissues for structural support and conduction found in other plants (vascular plants) |
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Lycophytes and pteridophytes
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Vascular plants that do not produce seeds
Lycophytes- more numerous and larger in the past but now about 1000 relatively small species |
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Stems
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Contain vascular tissue and produce leaves and sporangia
Contain phloem and xylem (contains tracheids and lignin) |
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Roots
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Specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil
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Leaves
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Photosynthetic function
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Adaptations That Foster Stable Internal Water Content
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Waxy cuticle - vascular plant sporophytes. Wax- prevents dessication
Cutin - found in cuticle that helps prevent pathogen attack Stomata - pores that open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss |
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Gymnosperms
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Cycads, ginkgos, conifers and gnetophytes
Reproduce using spores and seeds (like angiosperms) Seed plants Seeds protect and provide energy for young sporophyte “Naked seeds” meaning seeds are not enclosed by fruit |
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Angiosperms
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Distinguished by the presence of flowers and endosperm
Flowers are specialized to enhance seed production Fruits develop from flowers and enclose the seed and foster seed dispersal Endosperm is a nutritive seed tissue with increased storage efficiency |
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Ecological advantages of seeds
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Seeds are considered to be a key adaptation to reproduction in a land habitat
Able to remain dormant in the soil so can wait for favorable conditions Adaptations to improve dispersal Can store considerable amounts of food |
