Chapter 29 Campbell New

Front 1

How many plant species are there?

Back 1

>280k

Front 2

xx

Back 2

xx

Front 3

What are the four main groups of land plants and examples?

Back 3

bryophytes (mosses), pteridophytes (ferns), gymnosperms (pines) and angiosperms (flowers)

Front 4

What are the divisions of land plants?

Back 4

Vascular plants include pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, while seed plants include just gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Front 5

What characteristics alone fail to distinguish plants from certain algae?

Back 5

Plants and some algae are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs with cellulose cell walls and chlorophyll a and b.

Front 6

What two cellular features do only charophyceans and plants have?

Back 6

rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes and enzymes within peroxisomes

Front 7

What two derived homologies put charophyceans and plants together?

Back 7

similar flagellated sperm and the formation of a phragmoplast (cytoskeleton and vesicles line up) when new cell walls are formed during cytokinesis

Front 8

What are five characteristics of plants but not charophyceans?

Back 8

apical meristems, dependent multicellular embryoes, alternation of generations, different spores, and multicellular gametangia

Front 9

What are apical meristems?

Back 9

regions of cell division near the ends of shoots and roots, making all sorts of plant cells

Front 10

Why are land plants called embryophytes?

Back 10

Plant embryos and maternal tissue have a boundary of placental transfer cells, through which nutrients are transferred to the embryo.

Front 11

What are the two generations in alternation of generations called, and what do they do?

Back 11

Haploid is gametophyte, the dominant generation in bryophytes, making gametes, that fertilize each other.
Diploid is sporophyte, dominant in all but bryophytes, using meiosis to make spores.

Front 12

What two traits involving spores separate plants from charophyceans?

Back 12

Plant spore cell walls have the durable polymer sporopollenin, and multicellular sporangia protect the spores before they are ready to be released.

Front 13

Where do plant gametophytes make their gametes?

Back 13

It all happens in multicellular gametangia organs, with a single egg being made within each female gametangium, or archegonium, and a bunch of sperm made in each male gametangium, or antheridium.

Front 14

What are three terrestial adaptations made by plants?

Back 14

A waxy cuticle protects against water loss and microbes, with stomata to exchange gases though. Xylem and phloem transport water throughout plants. Secondary compounds made off the main anabolic pathways do a variety of things.

Front 15

What are some examples of secondary compounds and their uses in plants?

Back 15

Alkaloids, terpenes and tannins defend land plants against herbivores, flavanoids absorb UV, phenolics combat pathogens and solidify structure.

Front 16

How many years ago did plants invade the land?

Back 16

fossils say >500M, with the oldest in 550M Cambrian rocks, and there are lots of spores at 460M, indicating they were widespread by then

Front 17

What two charophyceans are most closely related to plants?

Back 17

Chara and Coleochaete

Front 18

How is alternation of generations hypothesized to arise?

Back 18

through a delay before meiosis, since the closest charophyceans are haploid

Front 19

Where is sporopollenin hypothesized to arise?

Back 19

in shallow water

Front 20

What is "deep green"?

Back 20

an international initiative trying to establish the monophyletic clades of plants

Front 21

What are the three potential plant kingdoms?

Back 21

Plantae, which has land plants, Streptophyta, which includes charophyceans and land plants, and Viridiplantae, which has chlorophytes, charophyceans, and land plants

Front 22

What are the three phyla of bryophytes and their common names?

Back 22

Hepatophyta (liverworts), Anthocerophyta (hornworts), and Bryophyta (mosses)

Front 23

What are four "mosses" that aren't bryophytes?

Back 23

Irish moss (red seaweed), reindeer moss (lichen), club mosses (pteridophytes), and Spanish moss (flowering plant)

Front 24

What are protonemata and what do they do?

Back 24

masses of green cell-thick filaments made from germinating moss spores that absorb water/minerals and make meristems and mature gametophores

Front 25

What do bryophyte tissues lack that makes them nonvascular plants and limits their height?

Back 25

lignin

Front 26

What are rhizoids and what do they do?

Back 26

long clear cells or filaments that hold bryophytes down

Front 27

Describe a moss sporophyte.

Back 27

Its foot gets nutrients and food from the parent gametophyte, the stemlike seta brings it to the sporangium (or capsule), which makes up to 50 million spores. A calyptra protects the capsule before it releases the spores, and the upper part of the capsule, the peristome, allows the spores to be distributed gradually.

Front 28

Why are mosses able to live in colder and drier environments than vascular plants?

Back 28

They can suffer more dessication and survive.

Front 29

What does the moss Sphagnum do?

Back 29

Peat moss inhabits wetlands, makes up peat, makes phenolic compounds that resist decay and acids which hamper bacteria.

Front 30

How do humans use Sphagnum?

Back 30

during wartime to cover wounds, as a soil conditioner, to pack plant roots (absorbing water), and to burn as peat

Front 31

What evolved between mosslike ancestors and vascular plants?

Back 31

protracheophyte polysporangiophytes, which had branched, independent sporophytes similar in size to the gametophytes

Front 32

What was the first known vascular plant?

Back 32

Cooksonia, an extinct plant from 408Ma with lignified cells similar to pteridophyte xylem

Front 33

How many phyla of plants are there, and how are they distributed?

Back 33

10, 3 bryophyte, 2 pteridophyte, 4 gymnosperm, and 1 angiosperm

Front 34

What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants and examples of their members?

Back 34

Lycophyta (lycophytes) and Pterophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails)

Front 35

Which pteridophyte phyla diverged first?

Back 35

Lycophyta

Front 36

What is the main difference between lycophyte leaves and other vascular plant leaves?

Back 36

Lycophyte leaves are simpler and smaller, called microphylls, while other leaves are bigger due to branching of the vascular system, and are called megaphylls.

Front 37

Hypothetically speaking, how did megaphylls evolve?

Back 37

Some kind of webbing joined nearby microphylls, making branched leaves

Front 38

Summarize the life cycle of a fern.

Back 38

A spore develops into a gametophyte, which makes sperm and eggs at different times to cross-fertilize, and fertilization results in a new sporophyte, which develops as a fern with sporangia that release new spores.

Front 39

Why did big lycophytes die off?

Back 39

These lycophytes were giant, more than 40 meters tall, but required the warm and moist environment of the Carboniferous period, and died out when the weather cooled and dried after it.

Front 40

About how many species of lycophytes are there?

Back 40

a thousand

Front 41

Describe the structure of a lycophyte sporophyte.

Back 41

Vertical stems hold small green microphylls (leaves), while horizontal stems attach to the roots. Sporophylls are specialized cone-shaped leaves with sporangia.

Front 42

How do lycophytes reproduce?

Back 42

The sporophyte releases oil-rich spores in clouds that disperse to make tiny haploid gametophytes that are either above ground photosynthesizers or underground fungi symbionts.

Front 43

What are the three types of pteridophytes in phylum Pterophyta?

Back 43

psilophytes (whisk ferns), sphenophytes (horsetails) and ferns

Front 44

What's special about psilophytes?

Back 44

They are very similar to Cooksonia, have Y-shaped (dichotomous) branching, and don't have true leaves and roots, but that actually devolved from a fernlike ancestor

Front 45

How many species of sphenophytes are there?

Back 45

15, all in the genus Equisetum

Front 46

Describe the structure of horsetails.

Back 46

upright photosynthetic stems and horizontal rooted stems (rhizomes) with air channels going through the plant to get oxygen throughout and sporangia-bearing cones

Front 47

How many species of ferns are there?

Back 47

>12k

Front 48

Describe the structure of ferns.

Back 48

horizontal rhizomes grow big compound leaves known as fronds with lots of vascular branching

Front 49

How do ferns release their spores?

Back 49

Sori, which are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of their leaves, launch their spores into the wind.

Front 50

When was the Carboniferous period?

Back 50

360-290 Ma

Front 51

How did coal form?

Back 51

Peat, dead organic matter primarily made in the Carboniferous of seedless vascular plants, piled up, was buried by ocean sediments, and compressed into coal by heat and pressure.

Front 52

What is the difference between a homosporous plant and a heterosporous plant?

Back 52

A homosporous plant only makes one type of spore, so the gametophyte is bisexual, while a heterosporous plant makes megaspores, which become female gametophytes, and microspores, which become male gametophytes.

Front 53

Bryophytes

Back 53

mosses, the offspring develop from multicellular embryos that remain attached to the "mother" plant which protects and nourishes the embryos

Front 54

vascular plants

Back 54

A plant with vascular tissue. Vascular plants include all modern species except the mosses and their relatives.

Front 55

pteridophytes

Back 55

Seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tissue. The group includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.

Front 56

gymnosperm

Back 56

A vascular plant that bears naked seeds—seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers.

Front 57

angiosperm

Back 57

A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Front 58

rosette cellulose synthesizing complexes

Back 58

Rose-shaped array of proteins that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell walls of charophyceans and land plants.

Front 59

peroxisome

Back 59

A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Front 60

phragmoplast

Back 60

An alignment of cytoskeletal elements and Golgi-derived vesicles across the mid-line of a dividing plant cell.

Front 61

apicle meristems

Back 61

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Front 62

placental transfer cells

Back 62

Plant cells that enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo.

Front 63

embyophytes

Back 63

Another name for land plants, recognizing that land plants share the common derived trait of multicellular, dependent embryos.

Front 64

alternation of generations

Back 64

A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; characteristic of plants.

Front 65

gametophyte

Back 65

The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation.

Front 66

sporphyte

Back 66

The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Front 67

sporopollenin

Back 67

A secondary product, a polymer synthesized by a side branch of a major metabolic pathway of plants that is resistant to almost all kinds of environmental damage; especially important in the evolutionary move of plants onto land.

Front 68

sporangia

Back 68

(plural, sporangia) A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.

Front 69

spore mother cells

Back 69

The cells that undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores within a sporangium.

Front 70

gametangia

Back 70

(plural, gametangia) The reproductive organ of bryophytes, consisting of the male antheridium and female archegonium; a multichambered jacket of sterile cells in which gametes are formed.

Front 71

archegonia

Back 71

(plural, archegonia) In plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Front 72

antheridia

Back 72

(plural, antheridia) In plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which gametes develop.

Front 73

cuticle

Back 73

(1) A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

Front 74

stomata

Back 74

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange.

Front 75

xylem

Back 75

The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

The xylem goes up, up, up

Front 76

phloem

Back 76

The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Front 77

deep green

Back 77

An international initiative focusing on the deepest phylogenetic branching within the plant kingdom to identify and name the major plant clades.

Front 78

kingdom Streptophyta

Back 78

The name given to the group that includes the traditional plant kingdom and the green algae most closely related to plants, the charophyceans and a few related groups.

Front 79

kingdom Viridiplantae

Back 79

The broadest version of the plant kingdom that includes the members of the kingdom Streptophyta plus the chlorophytes (non-charophycean green algae).

Front 80

phylum Hepatophyta

Back 80

The group of liverworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Front 81

phylum Anthocerophyta

Back 81

The group of hornworts, small herbaceous (non-woody) plants.

Front 82

phylum Bryophyta

Back 82

A formal group of mosses. Note that the term "bryophyte " refers instead to the informal group of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, nonvascular plants that inhabit the land but lack many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Front 83

protonema

Back 83

A mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores.

Front 84

gametophore

Back 84

The mature gamete-producing structure of a gametophyte body of a moss.

Front 85

foot

Back 85

The portion of a moss sporophyte that gathers sugars, amino acids, water, and minerals from the parent gametophyte via transfer cells.

Front 86

seta

Back 86

The elongated stalk of a moss sporophyte.

Front 87

sporangium

Back 87

(plural, sporangia) A capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop.

Front 88

capusule

Back 88

A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.

Front 89

calyptra

Back 89

protective cap of gametophyte tissue

Front 90

peristome

Back 90

The upper part of the moss capsule (sporangium) often specialized for gradual spore discharge.

Front 91

protracheophyte polysporangiophytes

Back 91

A group of Silurian moss-like ancestors that were like bryophytes in lacking lignified vascular tissue but were different in having independent, branched, sporophytes that were not dependent on gametophytes for their growth.

Front 92

microphylls

Back 92

The small leaves of lycophytes that have only a single, unbranched vein.

Front 93

megaphylls

Back 93

The larger leaves of modern vascular plants served by a highly-branched vascular system.

Front 94

homosporous

Back 94

Referring to plants in which a single type of spore develops into a bisexual gametophyte having both male and female sex organs.

Front 95

heterosporous

Back 95

Referring to plants in which the sporophyte produces two kinds of spores that develop into unisexual gametophytes, either female or male.

Front 96

megaspores

Back 96

A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia.

Front 97

microspores

Back 97

A spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia.

Front 98

sporophylls

Back 98

Lycophyte leaves specialized for reproduction.

Front 99

Psilophytes

Back 99

: any of a division (Psilophyta) of simple dichotomously branched plants that first appeared during the Late Silurian, are now limited to two extant genera, lack true leaves and roots, and include the oldest known land plants with vascular tissue

Front 100

sphenophytes

Back 100

Equisetopsida, or Sphenopsida, is a class of plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. They are commonly known as horsetails.[2][3] Living species typically grow in wet areas, with needle-like leaves radiating at regular intervals from a single vertical stem.

Front 101

ferns

Back 101

A fern is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants.[3] Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem (making them vascular plants). They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants. Ferns do not have either seeds or flowers (they reproduce via spores).