Ap Biology (Campbell) Chapter 54: Elaborate Ecosystems

Front 1

Trophic level

Back 1

grouping of species based on feeding relationships

Front 2

Primary producers

Back 2

ultimately supports all other in an ecosystem and make their own food

Front 3

Primary Consumers

Back 3

directly or indirectly depend on primary producers for food (herbivores)

Front 4

Secondary consumers

Back 4

carnivores that eat herbivores

Front 5

Tertiary consumers

Back 5

carnivores that eat other carnivores

Front 6

Detrivores

Back 6

decomposers, consumers that get their energy from detritus (dead organisms)

Front 7

Decomposition

Back 7

connects all trophic levels together

Front 8

What are the services offered by decomposers?

Back 8

they break down organic materials and recycles inorganic chemicals back into the ecosystem so that producers can put it back into organic form

Front 9

Primary production

Back 9

amount of light energy converted to energy by an ecosystems autotrophs

Front 10

How much of the light that hits earth is converted to chemical energy through photosynthesis

Back 10

1%

Front 11

Gross primary production

Back 11

total primary production or the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy per unit of time. Some of it is used for cellular respiration in plants

Front 12

Net primary production

Back 12

gross primary production minus energy used for respiration. What is left over for consumers to use

Front 13

What are the two greatest limiting factors in aquatic ecosystems

Back 13

light only penetrates so far and limiting nutrients (usually nitrogen or phosphorus

Front 14

Limiting nutrient

Back 14

must be added for productivity to increase

Front 15

Freshwater ecosystems

Back 15

light cycle limits production on a daily basis

Front 16

Eutrophication

Back 16

shift from photoplankon communities of green algae to those of cyanobacteria. Caused by runoff from farms/yards adding nutrients. Causes a loss of fish

Front 17

What three things controls primary production in a terrestrial ecosystem

Back 17

temperature, moisture and nutrient deficiency (if they are taken faster than replaced)

Front 18

Secondary production

Back 18

amount of chemical energy in a consumer’s food that is converted to their own new biomass

Front 19

Production efficiency formula

Back 19

net secondary production/assimilation of primary production

Front 20

Net secondary production

Back 20

energy stored as biomass through growth and reproduction

Front 21

Assimilation

Back 21

total energy taken in and used for growth, respiration and reproduction

Front 22

Production efficiency

Back 22

the fraction of food energy not used for respiration, lost as heat

Front 23

Trophic efficiency

Back 23

percentage of production transferred from one tropic level to the next

Front 24

Pyramid of production

Back 24

shows loss of energy from a food chain as you move up trophic levels

Front 25

pyramid of biomass

Back 25

total dry weight

Front 26

how are pyramids of biomass set up?

Back 26

usually big on the bottom but can be temporarily inverted in aquadic ecosystems

Front 27

which important chemicals need to be cycled? 4

Back 27

water, nitrogen, phospherus, carbon

Front 28

is the water cycle more physical or chemical?

Back 28

chemical because it doesn't change chemicly

Front 29

what three ways does n itrogen use to enter the ecysystem?

Back 29

1. atmospheric deposition: comes to soil through rain or as dust
2. nitrogen fixation: certain prokaryhotes can cnvert N2 to minerals that cna be used to make organic compopunds liek anio acids
3. industrial fixation; fertillizer made with nitrogen contributes to nitrogen in the soil

Front 30

atmospheric deposition

Back 30

comes to soil through rain or as dust

Front 31

nitrogen fixation

Back 31

certain prokaryhotes can cnvert N2 to minerals that cna be used to make organic compopunds liek anio acids

Front 32

industrial fixation

Back 32

fertillizer made with nitrogen contributes to nitrogen in the soil

Front 33

what is phosphorus used for? 3

Back 33

making nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP

Front 34

what happens in the phosphorus cycle? 4

Back 34

1. phosphorus enters the cycle from weathe rof rocks
2. plnats incorporate the phosphorus into biological molecules
3. animals eat teh plants
4. phosphorus returns to soil by excretion

Front 35

how does carbon cycle?

Back 35

platns put carbon in teh air through respiration and take it back through photosynthisis

Front 36

what 7 ways have humans impacted the chemical cycles

Back 36

1. agriculture
2. critical load
3. excessive eutrophication
4. cumbustion of fossil fules
5. toxic chemicals
6. global warming
7. ozone depletion

Front 37

agriculture

Back 37

food is eaten and doens't decompose like it would in nature

Front 38

critical load

Back 38

excessive use of fertilizers adds too many nitrogenous materials to an ecosystem adn they can contaminate water through run-off

Front 39

excessive eutrophication

Back 39

due to sewagea dn runoff of animal waste. results in an increase in photosynthetic oragnisms that deplete oxygen in lakes

Front 40

combustion of fossil fues

Back 40

burning fossil fues from cars and factories creates acid rain (low pH). this causes nutrient deficiencies in plants and freswhater ecosystems.

Front 41

toxic chemicles

Back 41

many synthetic products are dumped into ecosystem that can't be broken down by micro organisms. toxins can be magnified as they travel through the food chain because they accumulate in certain tissues

Front 42

global warming

Back 42

human activites may be causing global changes in temperature

Front 43

ozone depletion

Back 43

ozone protects earth from UV radiation. use of CFC's breaks down ozone and may be contributing to a hole in the ozone layer.