Chapter 28 / Senses

Front 1

What do the proteins in the plasma membrane of a sensory receptor do?

Back 1

react to stimulus

Front 2

What does the resulting sensation depend on?

Back 2

depends on which part of the brain receives the nerve impulses

Front 3

Define: Referred Pain

Back 3

Pain that is felt somewhere else

Front 4

How many taste buds and where are they?

Back 4

about 10,000. most on tongue but some on hard palate, epiglottis and pharynx

Front 5

Sensory receptors transform stimuli into _____ that reach a particular section of the _____.

Back 5

nerve impulses / cerebral cortex

Front 6

Complex animals rely on sensory receptors to provide info to the ______ which integrates sensory input before directing a _______.

Back 6

central nervous system (CNS) / motor response

Front 7

Each olfactory cell binds with how many molecules?

Back 7

1 odor molecule

Front 8

Which system do the olfactory cells have a direct connection to?

Back 8

the limbic system

Front 9

What are the 2 main functions of the ear?

Back 9

hearing & balance

Front 10

Which mammals have color vision?

Back 10

Only humans and some primates

Front 11

What percent of what we taste is due to what we smell?

Back 11

about 80-90%

Front 12

Where are the olfactory cells located?

Back 12

Very high in the nasal cavities

Front 13

List the 5 different tastes

Back 13

1. Salty

2. Sour

3. Sweet

4. Bitter

5. Savory (Umami)

Front 14

Explain - rotational equilibrium

-gravitational equilibrium

Back 14

rotational equilibrium

balance when the head and body are moved or rotated

gravitational equilibrium

balance when head and neck are motionless

Front 15

Color Blind Essay Question

causes/symptoms/treatments

Back 15

-often inherited, sex linked trait, more common in males

-fault in development of one or more sets of cones in the eyes

-symptoms: inability to distinguish between colors

-different types of colorblindness

-no cure but special glass can help people see more, and mobile apps can help distinguish colors

Front 16

What is Binocular Vision and why is it important to humans?

Back 16

The ability to see 3D images and percept depth, which happens when 2 eyes look at the same thing at a slightly different angle.

Important because would have been crucial for survival.

Front 17

Explain the divisions of the ear

-outer

-middle

-inner

Back 17

-outer: the pinna (outer ear flap) and the auditory canal

middle: starts at the ear drum ends at the oval window

inner: filled with fluid that helps with hearing and balance

Front 18

Define: Blind Spot

Back 18

where optic nerve exits retina, no vision because there are no rods + cones here

Front 19

Define: Optic Nerve

Back 19

transmits impulses to brain

Front 20

Define: Humors

Back 20

clear, watery like fluid, transmits light rays and supports the eye

Front 21

Define: Lens

Back 21

refracts light rays, focuses images on the retina

Front 22

Describe the structure of the olfactory cells?

Back 22

modified neurons with cilia that have receptor proteins for a specific odor molecule

these proteins cause the brain to distinguish odors

Front 23

Stimuli are...

Back 23

environmental signals that tell us about the internal and external environment

Front 24

Define: Sensation

Back 24

occurs when nerve impulses reach the cerebral cortex in brain

Front 25

4 categories of sensory receptors

-where they are

-what they respond to

Back 25

1. Chemoreceptors - mouth / respond to taste and smell and chemical substances

2. Photoreceptors - eyes, rods & cones / respond to light energy

3. Mechanoreceptors - hairs in inner ear / respond to gravity, sense or touch

4. Thermoreceptors - in the hypothalamus + skin / respond to change in temp

Front 26

Define- Interceptors

- Exteroceptors

Back 26

Interceptors- detect stimuli inside the body

Exteroceptors - detect stimuli outside the body

Front 27

Define: Perception

Back 27

occurs when the brain interprets the meaning of stimuli

Front 28

Define: Detection

Back 28

occurs when environmental changes stimulate sensory receptors

Front 29

Define: Somatic receptors

Back 29

receptors that are associated with the skin, muscles, joints, and viscera, they send nerve impulses through the spinal cord to the brain

Front 30

Explain the 3 categories of somatic receptors

-proprioceptors

-cutaneous receptors

-pain receptors

Back 30

proprioceptors- found in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear, detect motion or position of the body or limbs

cutaneous receptors- in epidermis and dermis, make skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pan, temp

pain receptors - (free nerve endings) found in skin, and many internal organs, sensitive to chemical released by damaged cells

Front 31

Explain the parts of the eye:

1. cornea

2. iris

3. pupil

4. ciliary body

5. rods

6.rods

7. fovea centralis

Back 31

1. cornea - "window to the eye" made of transparent collagen fibers

2. iris - front of the choroid, color of the iris = color of the eye, has smooth muscle

3. pupil - hole in center, light enters here

4. ciliary body- controls shape of lens for near/far

5. rods- sensitive to light

6. cones - require light, sensitive to colors

7. fovea- condensely packed rods & cones, acute vision possible here