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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ALBUTEROL
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Proventil (selective)
B2 Adrenergic Agonists Short-Term Asthma Control, Used to treat COPD Asthma: Drug of choice for mild asthma, potent bronchodilators, provide quick relief from asthma sx (onset in 5-30min, relief for 4-6hrs), all asthmatics should use as rescue inhaler. Adverse effects: tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia. COPD:Inhaled bronchodilators such as these are the mainstays of tx. Increase airflow, alleviate sx, decrease exacerbations of disease. Combinations are common. (Duoneb= Albuterol + Ipratropium). |
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SALMETEROL
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Serevent
Long-acting β2-agonists. Long-Term Asthma Control Long acting B 2 agonist, chemical analogs for Albuterol but have greater affinity for B 2 receptor, slower onset, should not be used alone. |
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FORMOTEROL
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Foradil
Long-acting β2-agonists. Long-Term Asthma Control Long acting B 2 agonist, chemical analogs for Albuterol but have greater affinity for B 2 receptor, slower onset, should not be used alone. |
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BUDESONIDE
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Pulmicort
Treat Asthma and COPD Corticosteroids Drugs of choice for persistent asthma (long term control), controls inflammation if taken regularly. Targets underlying airway inflammation by decreasing inflammatory cascade, reversing mucosal edema, decreasing capillary permeability, and inhibiting leukotrienes release. After several months of use, reduce airway hyperresponsiveness. Inhaled Budesonide has less side effects. Oral or IV Methylprednisolone and Prednisone may be needed for severe exacerbations of asthma. Adverse effects from ICS are minimal, risk of stunted bone growth is low. Not bronchodilators! |
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METHYLPREDNISOLONE
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Medrol
Treat Asthma and COPD-ORAL/SYSTEMIC, INHALED Corticosteroids Drugs of choice for persistent asthma (long term control), controls inflammation if taken regularly. Targets underlying airway inflammation by decreasing inflammatory cascade, reversing mucosal edema, decreasing capillary permeability, and inhibiting leukotrienes release. After several months of use, reduce airway hyperresponsiveness. Inhaled Budesonide has less side effects. Oral or IV Methylprednisolone and Prednisone may be needed for severe exacerbations of asthma. Adverse effects from ICS are minimal, risk of stunted bone growth is low. Not bronchodilators! |
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PREDNISONE
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Prednisone
Treat Asthma and COPD-ORAL/SYSTEMIC, INHALED Corticosteroids Drugs of choice for persistent asthma (long term control), controls inflammation if taken regularly. Targets underlying airway inflammation by decreasing inflammatory cascade, reversing mucosal edema, decreasing capillary permeability, and inhibiting leukotrienes release. After several months of use, reduce airway hyperresponsiveness. Inhaled Budesonide has less side effects. Oral or IV Methylprednisolone and Prednisone may be needed for severe exacerbations of asthma. Adverse effects from ICS are minimal, risk of stunted bone growth is low. Not bronchodilators! |
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MONTELUKAST
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Singulair
Leukotriene antagonists Alternative Drug to Treat Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Asthma: Block inflammation (by blocking conversion of arachadonic acid to leukotrienes by 5-lipoxygenase, which play a big role in inflammatory response, smooth muscle constriction, eosinophil migration, edema). Monteleukast is the market leader in the class, has 2 advantages: dosing for children 6mos+ and chewable or granule formations. All 3 approved for prophylaxis of asthma, NOT for immediate/rescue bronchodilation. Adverse effects: elevated serum hepatic enzymes, eosinophilic vasculitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome), HA, dyspepsia. Allergic Rhinitis: Treats seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis |
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ZAFIRLUKAST
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Accolate
Leukotriene antagonists Alternative Drug to Treat Asthma Block inflammation (by blocking conversion of arachadonic acid to leukotrienes by 5-lipoxygenase, which play a big role in inflammatory response, smooth muscle constriction, eosinophil migration, edema). Monteleukast is the market leader in the class, has 2 advantages: dosing for children 6mos+ and chewable or granule formations. All 3 approved for prophylaxis of asthma, NOT for immediate/rescue bronchodilation. Adverse effects: elevated serum hepatic enzymes, eosinophilic vasculitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome), HA, dyspepsia. |
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ZILEUTON
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Zyflo
Leukotriene antagonists Alternative Drug to Treat Asthma Block inflammation (by blocking conversion of arachadonic acid to leukotrienes by 5-lipoxygenase, which play a big role in inflammatory response, smooth muscle constriction, eosinophil migration, edema). Monteleukast is the market leader in the class, has 2 advantages: dosing for children 6mos+ and chewable or granule formations. All 3 approved for prophylaxis of asthma, NOT for immediate/rescue bronchodilation. Adverse effects: elevated serum hepatic enzymes, eosinophilic vasculitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome), HA, dyspepsia. |
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CROMOLYN
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Intal
Alternative Drugs Used to Treat Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Asthma: Prophylactic anti-inflammatory agent, not for acute asthmatic attacks. Works by preventing mast cells from releasing histamine/heparin/serotonin, which cause inflammation. Effective for allergic and exercise-induced asthma. Adverse effects are minimal. Requires frequent daily dosing, 4-6wk trial to determine efficacy. Allergic Rhinitis: Intranasal Cromolyn may be useful, particularly when administered before contact with allergens. Dosing should begin 1-2wks before exposure. |
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IPRATROPIUM
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Atrovent
CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS Alternative Drugs Used to Treat Asthma and COPD Asthma: These agents are generally less effective than β2-adrenergic agonists. They block the vagally mediated contraction of airway smooth muscle and mucus secretion. Inhaled IPRATROPIUM, a quaternary derivative of ATROPINE, is useful in patients who are unable to tolerate adrenergic agonists. IPRATROPIUM is slow in onset and nearly free of side effects. These agents are not traditionally effective for patients with asthma unless COPD is also present. COPD: Inhaled bronchodilators such as these are the mainstays of tx. Increase airflow, alleviate sx, decrease exacerbations of disease. Combinations are common. (Duoneb= Albuterol + Ipratropium). |
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THEOPHYLLINE
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Theo-Dur
Alternative Drugs Used to Treat Asthma THEOPHYLLINE is a bronchodilator that relieves airflow obstruction in chronic asthma and decreases its symptoms. Previously, the mainstay of asthma therapy, THEOPHYLLINE has been largely replaced with β2 agonists and corticosteroids due to a narrow therapeutic window. It also interacts adversely with many drugs. |
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OMALIZUMAB
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Xolair
Alternative Drugs Used to Treat Asthma Recombinant DNA-derived monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to IgE, leads to decreased binding to mast cells/basophils, limits degree of allergic response. Particularly useful for poorly controlled mod-severe allergic asthma. Expensive |
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LEVALBUTEROL
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Xoponex
B-Adrenergic Agonist Used to Treat COPD Inhaled bronchodilators such as these are the mainstays of tx. Increase airflow, alleviate sx, decrease exacerbations of disease. Combinations are common. (Duoneb= Albuterol + Ipratropium). |
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TIOTROPIUM
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Spiriva
AntiCholinergic Drug used to Treat COPD Inhaled bronchodilators such as these are the mainstays of tx. Increase airflow, alleviate sx, decrease exacerbations of disease. Combinations are common. (Duoneb= Albuterol + Ipratropium). |
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Corticosteroids for COPD
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Reserved for pts with FEV1 <50% of predicted.
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Diphenhydramine
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Benadyrl
Antihistamine Used to treat allergic rhinitis Most frequently used agents for tx sneezing and water rhinorrhea. Benadryl and Claritin are useful for tx sx of allergic rhinitis caused by histamine release. |
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Loratidine
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Claritin
Antihistamine Used to treat allergic rhinitis Most frequently used agents for tx sneezing and water rhinorrhea. Benadryl and Claritin are useful for tx sx of allergic rhinitis caused by histamine release. |
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Cetirizine
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Zyrtec
Antihistamine Used to treat allergic rhinitis Most frequently used agents for tx sneezing and water rhinorrhea. Benadryl and Claritin are useful for tx sx of allergic rhinitis caused by histamine release. |
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Fexofenadine
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Allegra
Antihistamine Used to treat allergic rhinitis Most frequently used agents for tx sneezing and water rhinorrhea. Benadryl and Claritin are useful for tx sx of allergic rhinitis caused by histamine release. |
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Oxymetazoline
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Afrin
Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist Used to treat allergic rhinitis Nasal decongestant, constrict dilated arterioles in nasal mucosa and reduce airway resistance. Rapid onset of action, few adverse effects. Should not be used for >3days due to risk of rhinitis medicamentosa (rebound nasal congestion). |
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Fluticasone
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Flonase
Corticosteroid Used to treat allergic rhinitis Effective when administered as nasal sprays. Adverse effects much less than systemic steroids, include nasal irritation, nosebleed, sore throat, rarely candidiasis. |
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Codeine
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Opiate
Drugs used to treat cough Gold-standard for cough suppression, decreases sensitivity of cough centers in CNS to peripheral stimuli and decreases mucosal secretion. Adverse effects: constipation, dysphoria, fatigue, addiction. |
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Dextromethorphan
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Opiate
Drugs used to treat cough Synthetic derivative of morphine, suppresses response of central cough center, low addictive profile. |
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Amoxicillin
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Amoxil
Antimicrobial agent Antimicrobial agents are required for H. pylori peptic ulcers (eradications of H. pylori results in rapid healing of active peptic ulcers, with low recurrence rate). Combo 1: Metro or Amox AND Clarith AND PPI. Combo 2: Bismuth subsalicylate AND Metro AND Tetra AND PPI. Either combo x2wks for >90% eradication. |
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Clarithromycin
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Biaxin
Antimicrobial agent Antimicrobial agents are required for H. pylori peptic ulcers (eradications of H. pylori results in rapid healing of active peptic ulcers, with low recurrence rate). Combo 1: Metro or Amox AND Clarith AND PPI. Combo 2: Bismuth subsalicylate AND Metro AND Tetra AND PPI. Either combo x2wks for >90% eradication. |
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Metronidazole
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Flagyl
Antimicrobial agent Antimicrobial agents are required for H. pylori peptic ulcers (eradications of H. pylori results in rapid healing of active peptic ulcers, with low recurrence rate). Combo 1: Metro or Amox AND Clarith AND PPI. Combo 2: Bismuth subsalicylate AND Metro AND Tetra AND PPI. Either combo x2wks for >90% eradication. |
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Tetracycline
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Antimicrobial agent
Antimicrobial agents are required for H. pylori peptic ulcers (eradications of H. pylori results in rapid healing of active peptic ulcers, with low recurrence rate). Combo 1: Metro or Amox AND Clarith AND PPI. Combo 2: Bismuth subsalicylate AND Metro AND Tetra AND PPI. Either combo x2wks for >90% eradication. |
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Cimetidine
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Tagamet
H2-histamine receptor blocker Inhibit gastric acid secretion by competitively blocking (fully reversible) actions of histamine at all H2 receptors (reduce intracellular [cAMP] and thereby gastric acid). Potently inhibit (>90%) basal, food-stimulated, & *nocturnal secretion* of gastric acid after single dose (only partially inhibit secretion induced by ACh). Uses (decreased w/ PPIs): peptic ulcers (recurrence is common), acute stress ulcers, GERD (available OTC, only effective in ~50% of pts). Cimet: widely distributed (incl. breast milk and placenta), short ½-life. Ranit: longer-acting, more potent, less side effects. Nizat: similar to Ranit, renally excreted. Famot: more potent than Ranit. Decrease dose in liver/renal failure. Adverse effects (Cimet): uncommon, HA, dizziness, diarrhea, muscular pain, confusion, hallucinations, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, reduced sperm count. |
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Famotidine
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Pepcid
H2-histamine receptor blocker Inhibit gastric acid secretion by competitively blocking (fully reversible) actions of histamine at all H2 receptors (reduce intracellular [cAMP] and thereby gastric acid). Potently inhibit (>90%) basal, food-stimulated, & *nocturnal secretion* of gastric acid after single dose (only partially inhibit secretion induced by ACh). Uses (decreased w/ PPIs): peptic ulcers (recurrence is common), acute stress ulcers, GERD (available OTC, only effective in ~50% of pts). Cimet: widely distributed (incl. breast milk and placenta), short ½-life. Ranit: longer-acting, more potent, less side effects. Nizat: similar to Ranit, renally excreted. Famot: more potent than Ranit. Decrease dose in liver/renal failure. Adverse effects (Cimet): uncommon, HA, dizziness, diarrhea, muscular pain, confusion, hallucinations, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, reduced sperm count. |
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Nizatidine
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Axid
H2-histamine receptor blocker Inhibit gastric acid secretion by competitively blocking (fully reversible) actions of histamine at all H2 receptors (reduce intracellular [cAMP] and thereby gastric acid). Potently inhibit (>90%) basal, food-stimulated, & *nocturnal secretion* of gastric acid after single dose (only partially inhibit secretion induced by ACh). Uses (decreased w/ PPIs): peptic ulcers (recurrence is common), acute stress ulcers, GERD (available OTC, only effective in ~50% of pts). Cimet: widely distributed (incl. breast milk and placenta), short ½-life. Ranit: longer-acting, more potent, less side effects. Nizat: similar to Ranit, renally excreted. Famot: more potent than Ranit. Decrease dose in liver/renal failure. Adverse effects (Cimet): uncommon, HA, dizziness, diarrhea, muscular pain, confusion, hallucinations, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, reduced sperm count. |
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Ranitidine
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Zantac
H2-histamine receptor blocker Inhibit gastric acid secretion by competitively blocking (fully reversible) actions of histamine at all H2 receptors (reduce intracellular [cAMP] and thereby gastric acid). Potently inhibit (>90%) basal, food-stimulated, & *nocturnal secretion* of gastric acid after single dose (only partially inhibit secretion induced by ACh). Uses (decreased w/ PPIs): peptic ulcers (recurrence is common), acute stress ulcers, GERD (available OTC, only effective in ~50% of pts). Cimet: widely distributed (incl. breast milk and placenta), short ½-life. Ranit: longer-acting, more potent, less side effects. Nizat: similar to Ranit, renally excreted. Famot: more potent than Ranit. Decrease dose in liver/renal failure. Adverse effects (Cimet): uncommon, HA, dizziness, diarrhea, muscular pain, confusion, hallucinations, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, reduced sperm count. |
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Omeprazole (1st)
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Prilosec
Proton-pump inhibitor Bind to H/K-ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) of parietal cell and suppresses secretion of H ions into gastric lumen (final step in gastric acid secretion). Prodrug with acid-resistant coating, activated in duodenum. Inhibit basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion >90%. Superior to H2 blockers for suppressing acid production and healing peptic ulcers. Tx erosive esophagitis, active duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison), GERD, NSAID-induced ulcers, eradicate H. pylori. Adverse effects: possibly gastric carcinoid tumors. |
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Esomeprazole
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Nexium
Proton-pump inhibitor Bind to H/K-ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) of parietal cell and suppresses secretion of H ions into gastric lumen (final step in gastric acid secretion). Prodrug with acid-resistant coating, activated in duodenum. Inhibit basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion >90%. Superior to H2 blockers for suppressing acid production and healing peptic ulcers. Tx erosive esophagitis, active duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison), GERD, NSAID-induced ulcers, eradicate H. pylori. Adverse effects: possibly gastric carcinoid tumors. |
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Lansoprazole
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Prevacid
Proton-pump inhibitor Bind to H/K-ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) of parietal cell and suppresses secretion of H ions into gastric lumen (final step in gastric acid secretion). Prodrug with acid-resistant coating, activated in duodenum. Inhibit basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion >90%. Superior to H2 blockers for suppressing acid production and healing peptic ulcers. Tx erosive esophagitis, active duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison), GERD, NSAID-induced ulcers, eradicate H. pylori. Adverse effects: possibly gastric carcinoid tumors. |
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Pantoprazole
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Protonix
Proton-pump inhibitor Bind to H/K-ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) of parietal cell and suppresses secretion of H ions into gastric lumen (final step in gastric acid secretion). Prodrug with acid-resistant coating, activated in duodenum. Inhibit basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion >90%. Superior to H2 blockers for suppressing acid production and healing peptic ulcers. Tx erosive esophagitis, active duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison), GERD, NSAID-induced ulcers, eradicate H. pylori. Adverse effects: possibly gastric carcinoid tumors. |
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Rabeprazole
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Aciphex
Proton-pump inhibitor Bind to H/K-ATPase enzyme system (proton pump) of parietal cell and suppresses secretion of H ions into gastric lumen (final step in gastric acid secretion). Prodrug with acid-resistant coating, activated in duodenum. Inhibit basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion >90%. Superior to H2 blockers for suppressing acid production and healing peptic ulcers. Tx erosive esophagitis, active duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory conditions (Zollinger-Ellison), GERD, NSAID-induced ulcers, eradicate H. pylori. Adverse effects: possibly gastric carcinoid tumors. |
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Misoprostol
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Cytotec
Prostaglandins Prostaglandin E is produced by gastric mucosa and inhibits secretion of HCl and stimulates secretion of mucus and bicarb (prostaglandin deficiency prob involved in peptic ulcers). Misoprostol is cytoprotective. Uses: prevention of gastric ulcers caused by NSAIDs, not as efficient for acute tx of peptic ulcers. Clinically effective only at higher doses that diminish gastric acid secretion. Adverse effects: uterine contractions and dislodging of the fetus (C/I during pregnancy). |
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Dicyclomine
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Bentyl
Antimuscarinic agent Muscarinic receptor stimulation increases GI motility and secretory activity. Muscarinic antagonists can be used as an adjunct in management of peptic ulcers. Adverse effects: urinary retention (esp. in elderly!) |
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Sucralfate
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Carafate
Mucosal protective agent AKA cytoprotective compound. Enhance mucosal protection mechanisms, thereby prevent mucosal injury, reduce inflammation, heal existing ulcers. Sucralfate is a complex of aluminum hydroxide, forms complex gels with epithelial cells and creates physical barrier that impairs HCl diffusion, prevents degradationof mucus by pepsin and acid, stimulates prostaglandin, mucus, and bicarb output, inhibits peptic digestion. |
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Prochlorperazine
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Compazine
Phenothiazine Drugs used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Acts by blocking dopamine receptors. Effective against low or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy drugs. |
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Ondansetron
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Zofran
5-HT3 serotonin receptor blocker Drugs used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Selectively blocks 5-HT3 receptors in the periphery (visceral vagal afferent fibers) and in the brain (chemoreceptor trigger zone). Longer duration of action. Effective against all grades of emetogenic chemotherapeutic agents. Adverse effect: HA (common). Adjust dosage in pts with hepatic insufficiency |
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Metoclopramide
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Reglan
Substituted benzamide Drugs used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Effective at high doses against the highly emetogenic chemo drugs. Adverse effects (anti-dopaminergic): sedation, diarrhea, extrapyramidal sx limit it’s high-dose use. |
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Haloperidol
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Haldol
Butyrophenodone Drugs used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Blocks dopamine receptors, moderately effective antiemetic. |
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Alprazolam
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Xanax
Benzodiazepine Drugs used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Antiemetic potency is low. |
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Lorazepam
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Ativan
Benzodiazepine Drugs used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Antiemetic potency is low. |
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Diphenoxylate + Atropine
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Lomotil
Antidiarrheals: Antimotility agents Derivatives of Meperidine (Demerol), have opioid-like actions on GI tract by activating presynaptic opioid receptors in the enteric NS to inhibit ACh release and decrease peristalsis. At usual doses, lack analgesic effects. Adverse effects: drowsiness, abdominal cramps, dizziness. C/I in young children, pts with severe colitis (causes toxic megacolon). |
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Loperamide
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Imodium AD
Antidiarrheals: Antimotility agents Derivatives of Meperidine (Demerol), have opioid-like actions on GI tract by activating presynaptic opioid receptors in the enteric NS to inhibit ACh release and decrease peristalsis. At usual doses, lack analgesic effects. Adverse effects: drowsiness, abdominal cramps, dizziness. C/I in young children, pts with severe colitis (causes toxic megacolon). |
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Methylcellulose
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Citrucel
Antidiarrheal: Adsorbent |
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Senna
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Senekot
Irritant/Stimulant Laxatives- commonly used to accelerate movement of food through GI tract Stimulates colonic activity. |
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Bisacodyl
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Dulcolax
Irritant/Stimulant Laxatives- commonly used to accelerate movement of food through GI tract More potent colonic stimulator than Senna |
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Methylcellulose
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Citrucel
Bulk laxative Laxatives- commonly used to accelerate movement of food through GI tract Hydrophilic colloid (from indigestible parts of fruits and vegetables), which forms a gel in the large bowel, causing water retention and increased peristalsis. |
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Psyllium
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Metamucil
Bulk Laxative Laxatives- commonly used to accelerate movement of food through GI tract |
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Magnesium Citrate
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Saline/osmotic laxative
Laxatives- commonly used to accelerate movement of food through GI tract |
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Lactulose
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Saline/osmotic laxative
Laxatives- commonly used to accelerate movement of food through GI tract |
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Docusate
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Stool softener
Surface-active agent that becomes emulsified with the stool, producing softer stool, eases passage of feces. |
