Chapter 27 Environmental Micro

Front 1

Saprophytes

Back 1

Energy from organic matter

Front 2

Parasites

Back 2

Survive off living organisms

Front 3

Parasites obtain their nutrients and their ability to reproduce from?

Back 3

other organisms

Front 4

Mutualism

Back 4

Both organisms benefit

Front 5

Commensalism

Back 5

One organism benefits, the other is unaffected

Front 6

Co-metabolism

Back 6

partial degradation of a compound results in products that can be used by other organisms

Front 7

Mycorrhizae is the?

Back 7

Symbiotic association between plant roots and a fungus.

Front 8

Endomycorrhiza is?

Back 8

-nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

-rood nodules of some plants, use nodules to create an anaerobic environment for the enzyme nitrogenase.

Front 9

Endomycorrhiza alter?

Back 9

The immediate surroundings to eliminate competition or improve the habitat for their survival.

Front 10

Ectomycorrhiza forms?

Back 10

a mycelial mantel over the roots.

-occurs in oak trees

Front 11

The components of soil are:

Back 11

minerals, water, gases, organic matter

Front 12

Minerals come from?

Back 12

weathering rock. (Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, and trace minerals

Front 13

Water

Back 13

-Soil constituents dissolved in water to be available to the microbes

-too much water reduces oxygen.

Front 14

Gases

Back 14

soil is porous and gases exists in these spaces.

-high proportion of CO2 relative to oxygen.

Front 15

Organic matter

Back 15

remains of organisms and their wastes

Front 16

Humus

Back 16

Organic matter resistant to decay. increases aeration and water retention

Front 17

Biomass is

Back 17

the mass of living organisms in a given volume

Front 18

Macroscopic organisms

Back 18

Nematodes, insects, worms, snaked, mammals

Front 19

Microscopic organisms

Back 19

-organisms exists near starvation with reduced reproduction rates

-bacteria are the most numerous

-Antinomycetes produce geosmin

-fungi; more molds than yeasts

-Algae and cyanobacteria mainly in the surface layers

-protozoan populations fluctuate

Front 20

Human pathogens

Back 20

-Most human pathogens survive soil as endospores

-some parasitic larvae stages

Front 21

plant pathogens include

Back 21

mostly fungi, come bacterial

Front 22

Insect pathogens

Back 22

Bacillus thuringiensis

Front 23

Biogeochemical cycles

Back 23

Recycling of certain chemical elements

Front 24

Carbon cycle

Back 24

-Atmospheric CO2 is fixed into organic compounds

-chemoheterotrophs consume the photoautotrophs

-decomposing organisms release CO2 to the atmosphere

Front 25

Nitrogen cycle

Back 25

-Nitrogen is needed for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids

-nitrogen comprises 80% of the earth's atmosphere

-Nitrogen gas cannot be used by eukaryotes

Front 26

Ammonification is?

Back 26

the release of ammonium by deamination of amino acids

Front 27

In ammonification..

Back 27

-ammonium gas rapidly escapes soil

-can be solubilized in water for use by bacteria and plants

Front 28

Nitrification

Back 28

Ammonium ions oxidized to nitrate

Front 29

Denitrification

Back 29

Results in nitrogen being released to the atmosphere

Front 30

Nitrogen fixation

Back 30

use of atmospheric nitrogen-ability to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere

Front 31

Nonsymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (free-living) example:

Back 31

Mycorrhizae-symbiotic association between plant roots and a fungus

Front 32

Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Back 32

Fig. 27.5

Front 33

Sulfur cycle

Back 33

fig. 27.7

Front 34

Microbial transformations of various minerals to?

Back 34

make them available in soluble forms for utilization by plants.

Front 35

many synthetic chemicals are resistant to?

Back 35

microbial decay

Front 36

Degradation of synthetic chemicals

Back 36

-xenobiotics

-recalcitrance chemials

Front 37

Recalcitrance chemicals are resistant to?

Back 37

biodegradation.

-small chemical modifications can alter the biodegradability of a compound

Front 38

Bioremediation is

Back 38

the use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants

Front 39

In bioremediation usually need what type of condition

Back 39

aerobic

Front 40

In bioremediation microbes need to access?

Back 40

the pollutant, and may need to add essential elements

Front 41

Genetically modified microbes are?

Back 41

specially adapted to metabolize a pollutant

Front 42

Bioaugmentation is

Back 42

the addition of specialized microbes

Front 43

Solid municipal wastes are:

Back 43

landfills that mostly have anaerobic conditions.

Front 44

Solid municipal wastes decompose..

Back 44

very slowly

Front 45

Solid municipal wastes can promote?

Back 45

the activity of methanogens and then use methane

Front 46

Solid municipal wastes can compost?

Back 46

biodegradable wastes

Front 47

Solid municipal wastes do what for improved decomposition?

Back 47

aerate

Front 48

Aquatic micro contains:

Back 48

biofilms

Front 49

Biofilms is

Back 49

the slime community of bacteria

Front 50

biofilms allow bacteria to?

Back 50

cooperate to obtain nutrients in a dilute aqueous environement

Front 51

In biofilms several species may be needed to?

Back 51

metabolize an energy source (co metabolism)

Front 52

Medically important biofilms include:

Back 52

teeth, catheters, contact lenses, interior of water pipes, medical implants

-65% of human bacterial infections

Front 53

In biofilms, the number of microorganisms reflects?

Back 53

the nutrient levels of the water.

Front 54

In freshwater microbiota-

Back 54

Availability of light and oxygen differentiate microbial populations

Front 55

Littoral zone

Back 55

edge with vegetation

Front 56

limnetic zone

Back 56

open water away from shore. Support single celled photosynthetic organisms

Front 57

profundal zone

Back 57

deeper, lower light, less oxygen. Starting to get to anaerobic conditions

Front 58

Benthic zone

Back 58

sediments, sulfate reducing bacteria, a lot of anaerobes.

Front 59

Seawater microbiota live in

Back 59

open seas-low in nutrients, high osmotic pressure, pH above optimum

Front 60

Seawater microbiota include:

Back 60

phytoplankton; diatoms, algae (basis of the oceanic food chain)

Front 61

Seawater microbiota have luminescent bacteria, which contain

Back 61

luciferase

Front 62

Water quality is measured by?

Back 62

the degree of contamination by soluble chemicals, turbidity (suspended colloidals), and microbes

Front 63

Transmission of infectious diseases. Many diseases are perpetrated by?

Back 63

the fecal-oral route of transmission. like typhoid fever, hep A, cholera

Front 64

Human pathogen is shed in feces that contaminates the water supply and is later:

Back 64

ingested with the water

Front 65

filter-feeder (shell fish) concentrate pathogens in?

Back 65

their tissues

Front 66

chemical pollution.

-industrial and agricultural chemicals are resistant to?

Back 66

biodegradation

Front 67

Chemicals lead from the soil and enter?

Back 67

water sources

Front 68

Chemicals can concentrate in biological systems such as:

Back 68

fat-soluble pesticides, metallic mercury converted by benthic bacteria to double forms, eaten by fish or consumption of fish can cause neurological damage.

Front 69

Eutrophication is

Back 69

the over abundance of nutrients

Front 70

What causes over-growth of algae and cyanobacteria (blooms)

Back 70

nitrogen and phosphorus

Front 71

The decay of blooms by bacteria depletes?

Back 71

the O2 supply of the water

Front 72

Bioremediation is?

Back 72

the use of microbes to remove environmental pollution.

Front 73

Tests for water purity

Back 73

microbiological tests for water safety are aimed at detection of indicator organisms.

Front 74

Coliform bacteria is?

Back 74

aerobic or faculative, gram-negattive, non-endospore-forming rods that ferment lactose with acid and gas production and

Front 75

E. coli is

Back 75

predominant fecal coliform

Front 76

nonfecal coliforms can include?

Back 76

common soil and plant inhabitants.

Front 77

Detection of coliforms may be from?

Back 77

biofilms on the inner surface of water pipes.

Front 78

Are all pathogens killed by chemical treatment?

Back 78

no

Front 79

Water treatment-Water from uncontaminated reservoirs or deep wells requires how much treatment?

Back 79

minimal

Front 80

Turbid water is held in a reservoir to?

Back 80

allow some particulate matter to settle out

Front 81

What does flocculation treatment do?

Back 81

removes suspended colloidal materials by sedimentation

Front 82

Flocculation treatment is followed by?

Back 82

filtration

Front 83

Filtered water is treated with?

Back 83

chlorine, ozone, or UV

Front 84

Sewage treatment

Back 84

only 0.03% particulate matter in sewage

Front 85

Primary treatment is primarily a?

Back 85

physical process

Front 86

In primary treatment, settling chambers remove?

Back 86

sand and grit

Front 87

In primary treatment, skimmers remove?

Back 87

floating oil and grease

Front 88

In primary treatment, solid materials settles out in?

Back 88

sedimentation tanks

Front 89

In primary treatment, effluent undergoes?

Back 89

secondary treatment. 40-60% of suspended solids removed.

Front 90

Effluent is?

Back 90

liquid flowing out

Front 91

BOD-biological oxygen demand is a measure of?

Back 91

how much biologically degradable material is in the water.

Front 92

BOD is determined by?

Back 92

measuring the amount the oxygen required by bacteria to metabolize the remaining degradable material.

Front 93

If high BOD effluent is put into a lake..

Back 93

The bacteria degrading the material would deplete the oxygen in the lake

Front 94

primary treatment removes?

Back 94

25-35% of the BOD

Front 95

Secondary treatment is primarily what kind of process?

Back 95

biological

Front 96

In secondary treatment, aeration happens to encourage aerobic microorganisms to?

Back 96

oxidize organic matter to CO2 and water

Front 97

Activated sludge system, organisms oxidize?

Back 97

organic matter

Front 98

Activated sludge system removes

Back 98

79-90% of BOD

Front 99

Trickling filters?

Back 99

-sewage is sprayed over a bed of rocks or molded plastic

-aerobic organisms grown on surface as a slimy, gelatinous film

-removes about 80-85% of BOD

Front 100

How is treated sewage treated?

Back 100

chemically treated and released.

Front 101

Sludge digestion?

Back 101

-sludge from primary treatment is collected & further treated

-Fermentation to produce CO2 and organic acids

Organic acids metabolized to produce CO2, H2, and organic acids

-Methanogens metabolize organic acids to CO2 and methane

-Remaining sludge is stable and inert

Front 102

Tertiary treatment removes?

Back 102

almost all of the BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorous.

-Tahoe, reno, sparks

Front 103

Tertiary treatment provides water that is suitable for?

Back 103

drinking (potable)

Front 104

Cost of tertiary treatment

Back 104

expensive

Front 105

Septic tanks

Back 105

Suspended solids settle out

-effluent flows out leach lines (perforated pipe)

-enters soil and decomposed by soil microbes

-is similar to primary treatment.