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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What occurs during the Krebs cycle
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The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate
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What does the Krebs cycle generate?
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1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per pyruvate
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The carbon that enters the Krebs cycle exits as what?
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CO2
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After the Krebs cycle, what accounts for most of the energy extracted from food?
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NADH and FADH2
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NADH and FADH2 donate _____ to the electron transport chain. What does this power?
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Electrons
Powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation |
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The electron transport chain consists of what?
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Proteins and other molecules which are a series of electron carriers embedded in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion
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In the electron transport chain, the electron carriers alternate ___ and ___ states as they accept and donate electrons
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Reduced and oxidized states
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In the electron transport chain, electrons drop in ____ as they go down the chain and are finally passed as ____.
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free energy
O2 |
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Electrons + Protons + O2 = ?
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HO2
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The electron transport chain generates how much ATP?
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None directly.
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Electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump __1__ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. __1__ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex, __2__, which uses the flow os __1__ to produce __3__. This process is called __4__.
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1) H+
2) ATP synthase 3) ATP 4) Chemiosmosis |
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The electron transport chain + chemiosmosis = oxidative phosphorylation which produces how much ATP?
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26 to 28 ATP
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Cellular respiration of one glucose molecule will generate how much ATP for each molecule of glucose catabolized?
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30 to 32 ATP
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What method produces the most ATP?
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Cellular respiration
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Glucose not needed immediately is stored at what?
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Glycogen
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What process creates glycogen?
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Glycogenesis
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When ATP is needed, stored glycogen is broken down into what?
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glucose
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What process breaks down glycogen?
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glycogenolysis
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Glucose may be formed by what substances other than glucose? What process is this done by?
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proteins, glycerol, lactic acid, and certain amino acids
gluconeogenesis |
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Why don't most lipids not dissolve in water?
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they are nonpolar, or hydrophobic
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How are lipids transported in blood plasma?
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Must be transported combined with proteins called lipoproteins.
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Where are lipoproteins produced?
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Liver and intestines
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4 lipoproteins
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Chylomicrons
VLDLs (very low density lipoproteins) LDLs HDLS |
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Chyomicrons function
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transport dietary lipids to adipose
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VLDLs function
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transport triglycerides from hepatocytes to adipocytes
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LDLs function
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Carry about 75% of the total cholesterol in blood and deliver it to cells. Can deposit cholesterol in arteries
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HDLs function
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Remove excess cholesterol from body cells and blood and transport it to the liver for elimination
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Functions of lipids
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Structural molecules (phospholipids (cell membranes))
Bile salts, hormones, and vitamins Adipose tissue stores excess lipids |
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Triglycerides in adipose tissue constitute ___% of all body energy reserves
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98
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Lipid catabolism (lipolysis)
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Splitting of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Glycerol enters glycolysis Fatty acids are broken down into 2 carbon molecules that enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA |
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Lipid anabolism (lipogenesis)
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Process of synthesizing lipids from glucose or some amino acids.
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When does lipogenesis occur?
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When individuals consume more calories than needed
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Digested proteins are broken down into ____. How are these unlike carbohydrates and lipids?
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Amino Acids
They are not stored |
