Chapter 25: Digestion

Front 1

A thin sheet of connective tissue that extends from the stomach to the liver

Back 1

Lesser Omentum, a ventral messentary

Front 2

How many deciduous teeth are formed?

Back 2

20 deciduous teeth

Front 3

What is another word for swallowing?

Back 3

degluttination

Front 4

What are the four regions of the stomach?

Back 4

Cardiac, Fundus, Corpus (the body), and Pylorus (pyloric)

Front 5

What is the function of bile?

Back 5

to emulsify fat

Front 6

What is the function of CCK?

Back 6

To stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine. This stimulation allows for bile secretion in the small intestine to aid in the emulsification of fat

Front 7

Which glands produce a bicarbonate-rich mucus that neutralizes stomach acid and shields the mucosa form its erosive effects

Back 7

Brunner Glands

Front 8

Where does the digestion of proteins begin? and by what enzyme?

Back 8

Protein digestion begins in the stomach enzymes called proteases (peptidases)

Front 9

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Back 9

Salivary glands
Teeth
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Liver

Front 10

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

Back 10

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 11

Name the muscles involved in mastication and what there function is

Back 11

The medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and masseters - produce side to side grinding
Massester and Temporalis - produce up and down crushing
The toungue, buccinator, and orbicularis oris muscles push food between the teeth

Front 12

Where is the tongue located?

Back 12

The oral cavity and the oropharynx

Front 13

What are the characteristics of the tongue's surface?

Back 13

- The tongue is covered with nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium.
- Lingual Papillae (bumps and projections) which are the site of taste buds

Front 14

How many teeth are usually in the adult mouth and what are there characteristics?

Back 14

16 teeth in the mandible and 16 in the maxilla
from the midline to the rear - 2 incisors, a canine and 2 premolars and up to 3 molars

Front 15

How are Teeth embedded into the mouth? What is the joint called?

Back 15

The tooth socket is call an alveolus and the koint is called gomphosis and is unique because it is between a tooth and bone and not two bones

Front 16

A hard yellowish tissue that makes up most of a tooth and covers both the crown and the root.

Back 16

Dentin

Front 17

What is enamel?

Back 17

it covers the tooth in the crown and neck

Front 18

What covers the tooth in the root?

Back 18

Cementum, a living connective tissue

Front 19

What is pulp?

Back 19

a mass of loose connective tissue, blood, and lymphatic vessels and nerves

Front 20

When do deciduous teeth erupt?

Back 20

from the age of 6-30 months

Front 21

At what age do permanent teeth erupt?

Back 21

between 6-25 years of age.

Front 22

What enables permanent teeth to errupt?

Back 22

As a permanent tooth growns below a deciduous tooth, the root of the deciduous tooth dissolves and the tooth falls out to make room for the new one.

Front 23

What is purpose of saliva?

Back 23

- moistens mouth
- digests a small amount of starch and fat
- cleanses teeth
- inhibits bacterial growth
- dissolves molecules so they can stimulate taste buds
- moistens food and binds particles to aid in swallowing

Front 24

What does saliva consist of?

Back 24

it is a hypotonic solution that is 97-99.5% water and 3-.5% solutes (salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, electrolytes)

Front 25

Which enzyme begins starch digestion in the mouth?

Back 25

salivary amylase

Front 26

what is lingual lipase?

Back 26

it is an enzyme that is activated by stomach acid and digests fat after the food is swallowed

Front 27

What binds and lubricates the food mass and aids in swallowing?

Back 27

mucus

Front 28

what enzyme aids in killing bacteria?

Back 28

lysozyme

Front 29

During the gastric phase what does ingested food stimulate?

Back 29

- a reflex of the myenteric plexus
- a reflex mediated via vagus nerves and brainstem
- and increase in the pH of stomach contents

Front 30

aWhat are intrinsic salivary glands?

Back 30

indefinite number of small glands dispersed amid the other oral tissues.
- lingual glands
- tongue
- labial glands

Front 31

What are extrinsic salivary glands?

Back 31

there are three pairs of larger, more discrete organs located outside the oral mucosa and they communicate with the oral cavity through ducts

Front 32

What is the parotid gland?

Back 32

extrinsic gland located beneath the skin, anterior to the earlobe. Mumps is an inflamation and swelling of the parotid gland caused by a virus

Front 33

what is the submandibular gland?

Back 33

An extrinsic gland located halfway along the body of the mandible. It's duct empties into the mouth at the papilla on the side of the lingual frenulum, near the lower incisors

Front 34

What is the sublingual gland?

Back 34

An extrinsic gland located on the floor of the mouth. It has multiple ducts that empty into the mouth posterior to the papilla of the submandibular duct

Front 35

How much saliva do the extrinsic salivary glands secrete daily?

Back 35

1-1.5 L of saliva a day

Front 36

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Back 36

prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus, this protects the esophagus from the erosive effects of stomach acid

Front 37

What is Heartburn?

Back 37

Heartburn has nothing to do with the heart, it is the burning sensation produced by acid reflux into the esophagus

Front 38

How many phases does swallowing occur?

Back 38

two phases
buccal phase - voluntary control in which the tongue collects food, presses it against the palate to form a bolus and pushes is posteriorly

The pharyngo-esophageal phase- takes places after the food enters the laryngopharynx. It is the voluntary phase of swallowing

Front 39

What is peristalsis?

Back 39

A wave of muscular contraction

Front 40

What is chyme?

Back 40

a soupy or pasty mixture of semidigested food

Front 41

What is the swallowing center?

Back 41

A pair of nuclei in the medulla oblongata that coordinates more than 22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus

Front 42

What are gastric rugae? what is their purpose?

Back 42

When the stomach is not full he mucosa and submucosa form longitudinal wrinkles called gastric rugae

Front 43

the muscularis externa has how many layers? what are they called?

Back 43

3 layers, rather than 2
-outer longitudinal
-middle circular
-inner oblique

Front 44

Which cells of the gastric mucosa secrete rennin?

Back 44

Chief cells of the gastric mucosa

Front 45

What does gastrin stimulate?

Back 45

pepsinogen and HCl production

Front 46

What would the arrival of chyme containing mixture of fats,carbohydrates, and proteins into the duodenum over a period of time do?

Back 46

it would cause an increase in secretin from the duodenum

Front 47

What are zymogens?

Back 47

-they are only secreted into the lumen
-inactive proteins that are converted into digestie enzymes by the removal of some of their amino acids

Front 48

What do chief cells in the stomach secrete that digest protein?

Back 48

the chief cells secrete a zymogen called pepsinogen and hydrocholic acid removes some of it's amino acids and converts it to pepsin

Front 49

True or False,
Both pancreatic juice and bile are secreted into the duodenum

Back 49

TRUE

Front 50

True or False,
Enamel is found in the corwn of a tooth, where as dentin is part of both the crown and root

Back 50

TRUE

Front 51

Which lipase digests the most fat?

Back 51

Pancreatic Lipase

- Gastric Lipase and lingual lipase digest 10-15% of fat

Front 52

What is absorption?

Back 52

the physiological process that moves nutrients from outside to inside of the body

Front 53

What must be digested to be absorbed?

Back 53

Proteins must be digested to be absorbed

Front 54

What normally prevents acid reflux?

Back 54

The lower esophageal sphincter

Front 55

What cells secrete HCl?

Back 55

Parietal Cells

Front 56

What enzyme is not found in saliva?
protease, lipase, or salivary amylase?

Back 56

Protease is not found in saliva, protein digestion does not begin until food enters the stomach

Front 57

What is secretin?

Back 57

A hormone

Front 58

What is Pepsin?

Back 58

An enzyme

Front 59

The _____ synthesizes bile salts by metabolizing ______

Back 59

Liver, Cholesterol

Front 60

True or False,
Enterokinase is secreted from the duodenum

Back 60

TRUE

Front 61

What functions at the lowest pH?
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase, or pepsin?

Back 61

Pepsin functions at the lowest pH because it digests proteins in the stomach, which is very acidic

Front 62

What does peptidases break down?

Back 62

Proteins

Front 63

What is the function of Cholecystokinin (CKK)?

Back 63

1. stimulates gallbladder contractions
2. Promotes secretion of pancreatic enzymes
3. Induces movement of the bile into the common bile duct
4. causes the hepatic sphincter to relax

Front 64

Where is the Falciform Ligament found?

Back 64

The liver

Front 65

What do brunner glands produce?

Back 65

A bicarbonate-rich mucus, which neutralizes stomach acid

Front 66

If an older person is having diarrhea and gas when they try to drink much milk, what is the cause?

Back 66

they are not producing Lactase. Humans over 4 stop producing lactase

Front 67

Name the enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine

Back 67

1. Aminopeptidase
2. Depeptidase
3. Carboxyl Peptidase

Front 68

What is the gastric secretion that break proteins down into smaller chains?

Back 68

Pepsin

Front 69

What is the brush border enzyme that completes polypeptide digestion?

Back 69

carboxylpeptidase

Front 70

Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin?

Back 70

The stomach

Front 71

Which of the following enzymes acts in the stomach?
a)chymotrypsin
b)lingual lipase
c)carboxypeptidase
d)enterokinase
e)dextrinase

Back 71

Lingual Lipase

Front 72

Which of the following Enzymes does not digest any nutrients?
a) chymotrypsin
b) lingual lipase
c) carboxylpeptidase
d) enterokinase
d) dextrinase

Back 72

Enterokinase

Front 73

which of the following is not an enzyme?
a) Chymotrypsin
b) Enterokinase
c) Secretin
d) Pepsin
e) Nucleosidase

Back 73

secretin

Front 74

Secretin is a
a) zymogen
b) nutrient
c) emulisifier
d) neurotransmitter
e) hormone

Back 74

Hormone

Front 75

The Lacteals absorb
a) chlyomicrons
b) micelles
c) emulsification droplets
d) amino acid
e) monosaccharides

Back 75

chlyomicrons

Front 76

All of the following contribute to the absorptive surface area of the small intestine except
a) its length
b) the brush border
c) haustra
d) circular folds
e) villi

Back 76

Haustra

Front 77

which of the following is a periodontal tissue?
a) the gingiva
b) the enamel
c) cementum
d) the pulp
e) the dentin

Back 77

The gingiva

Front 78

Anatomically the _____ of the stomach most closely resemble the ____ of the small intestine.

Back 78

Gastric Pits, Intestinal Crypts

Front 79

Which of the following cells secrete digestive enzymes?
a) chief cells
b) moucus neck cells
c) parietal cells
d) goblet cells
e) enteroendocrine cells

Back 79

Chief cells

Front 80

What phase of gastric regulation includes inhibition by the enterogastric reflex?
a) the intestinal phase
b) the gastric phase
c) the buccal phase
d) the cephalic phase
e) the pharyngo-esophageal phase

Back 80

the intestinal phase

Front 81

The cusps are a feature of the ____surfaces of the molars and premolars

Back 81

occlusal

Front 82

the acidity of the stomach halts the action of ____ but promotes the actions of ____, both of which are salivary enzymes

Back 82

salivary amylase, salivary lipase

Front 83

the ___ salivary gland is named for its proximity to the ear

Back 83

Parotid

Front 84

The submucosal and myenteric plexuses collectively constitute the ____nervous system

Back 84

enteric

Front 85

Nervous stimulation of the gastrointestinal activity is mediated mainly through the parasympathetic fibers of the ____ nerves

Back 85

Vagus

Front 86

Food in the stomach causes G cells to secrete ____, which in turn stimulates the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen

Back 86

gastrin

Front 87

Hepatic microphages occur in blood-filled spaces of the liver called

Back 87

sinusoids

Front 88

The brush border enzyme that finished the job of starch digestion, producing glucose, is called ____. Its substrate is ____

Back 88

Maltase, maltose