Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Northern Securities Company
|
Controlled the massive rail networks of the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, and Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads. Some of the most prominent names in business were behind the giant company- JP Morgan and Company; the Rockefeller interests; Kuhn, Loeb and Company; and railroad operators James J. Hill and Edward H. Harriman
|
|
|
Hepburn Act
|
A law that strengthened the rate-making power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, again reflecting the eras desires to control the power of the railroads. It increased the ICCs membership from five to seven, empowered it to fix reasonable railroad rates, and broadened its jurisdiction. It also made ICC rulings binding pending court appeals
|
|
|
The Jungle
|
Written by Upton Sinclair who first set out to write about the workers wages. Instead, it brought public attention the scandals of the meatpacking industry. Roosevelt ordered an investigation after reading Sinclair’s book. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 set rules for sanitary meatpacking and government inspection of meat products
|
|
|
Payne Aldrich Act
|
Called for higher rates than the original House bill, though it lowered them from the Dingley Tariff of 1897. An unpopular law, it helped discredit Taft and revealed the tensions in the Republican Party
|
|
|
“Bully Pulpit”-
|
President Roosevelt felt that the presidency was a forum of ideas and leadership for the nation, “a steward of the people bound actively and affirmatively to do all he could for the people.” Theodore Roosevelt aggressively took the position of president. He was persuasive, charming, intelligent, high spirited, and self-confident. Roosevelt was quite the opposite of the previous President, William McKinley, who basically isolated himself.
|
|
|
Ballinger
|
Pinchot Controversy- problems between Roosevelt and President Taft. Richard A. Ballinger offered public land for sale that Pinchot had been withdrawn from sale. Pinchot did not drop matter, fearing that Ballinger would hurt conservation programs, and Taft fired him. This controversy obscured Taft’s important contributions to conservation
|
|
|
Social Justice Movement
|
During the 1890’s and after, this important movement attracted followers who sought to free people from the often devastating impact of urban life. It focused on the need for tenement house laws, more stringent child labor regulations, and better working conditions for women. Social-justice reformers also brought pressure on municipal agencies for better community services and facilities
|
|
|
“Bull Moose”-
|
Roosevelt’s Progressive Party. It set the state for the first important three-cornered presidential contest since 1860
|
|
|
New Freedom
|
Woodrow Wilson’s program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to rein in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one
|
|
|
The New Nationalism
|
Theodore Roosevelt’s program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalist called for a national approach to the countries affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted good trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor
|
|
|
American Medical Association
|
made into a modern national professional society because doctors began insisted that they were part of a medical profession, and they wanted to set educational requirements and minimum standards for practice. By 1920, nearly two-thirds of all doctors belonged to it.
|
|
|
How the Other Half Lives
|
Written by Jacob Riis. Brought to public attention the horrible life people endured in tenement houses
|
|
|
WCTU
|
Founded in 1903, this group worked to organize women into trade unions. It also lobbied for laws to safeguard female workers and backed several successful strikes, especially in the garment industry. It accepted all women who worked, regardless of skill. By 1911, it had nearly a quarter of a million members. Largest organization of women in American history to that time. Joined by the Anti-Saloon League and together the groups pressed to abolish alcohol and the places where it was consumed
|
|
|
Anti-Saloon League
|
Joined the WCTU and together the groups worked to abolish alcohol and the places where it was consumed. By 1916, they succeeded in 19 states, but as drinking continued elsewhere, they pushed for nationwide law. They succeeded, and the 18th Amendment to the Constitution passed which prohibited the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating liquors.
|
|
|
“Brandeis Brief”-
|
Filed by attorney Louis D. Brandeis in the Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon, this brief presented only two pages of legal precedents, but contained 115 pages of sociological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women’s health and this on women as mothers. The brief expanded the definition of legal evidence
|
|
|
Muller v. Oregon-
|
This Supreme Court decision established special protections for working women, upholding an Oregon law that limited women working in factories and laundries to a ten-hour work day. Louis D Brandeis, attorney for the state of Oregon, argued that because of the importance of women’s roles as mothers, they deserved special protection from labor abuses. The Brandeis brief, as it was called, was based largely on sociological data rather than legal evidence, and as a result, expanded the definition of legal evidence
|
|
|
Pragmatism-
|
Doctrine that emerged in the early 20th century, built largely on the ideas of Harvard psychologist and philosopher William James. Pragmatists were impatient with theories that held truth to be abstract; they believed that people were not only shaped by their environment but also helped to shape it. Ideas that worked, according to these people, became truth
|
|
|
Oswald Garrison Villard-
|
Leader of the NAACP, proposed a National Race Commission to stuffy the problem of race relations
|
|
|
Underwood Tariff-
|
An early accomplishment of the Wilson administration, this law reduced the tariff rates of the Payne-Aldrich law of 1909 by about 15%. It also levied a graduated income tax to make up for the lost revenue
|
|
|
Meat Inspection Act-
|
Came about after Sinclair’s “The Jungle” was published and meat-packing factories were inspected. It set rules for sanitary meatpacking and government inspection of meat products
|
|
|
Pure Food and Drug Act
|
Came about after Samuel Hopkins Adams exposed the dangers of patent medicines in “Collier’s” required manufactures to list certain ingredients on the label; it represented a pioneering effort to ban the manufacture and sale of adulterated, misbranded, or unsanitary food or drugs
|
|
|
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
|
An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property
|
|
|
Mann-Elkins Act
|
Moderate law that Teddy Roosevelt passed, framed with the consent of railroad leaders. Gave ICC powers to set rates, stiffened long-and sort-haul regulations, and placed telephone and telegraph companies under ICC jurisdiction. (Pleased progressives). Created the Commerce Court (pleased conservatives)
|
|
|
“Wisconsin Idea”-
|
LA Follette put together this idea. One of the most important reform programs in the history of state government. Established an industrial commission, the first to regulate factory safety and sanitation, improved education, workers compensations, public utility controls, and resource conservation. Lowered railroad rates and raised railroad taxes. Wisconsin became the first state to adopt a direct primary for all political nominations and the first to adopt a state income tax
|
|
|
Tom Johnson-
|
Demonstrated an innovative approach to city government. Elected mayor of Cleveland. Advisors Frederic C. Hower, Newton D. Baker, and Edward Bemis helped shape Johnsons ideas on taxes, prison reform, utility regulation, and other issues facing the city. Held outdoor meetings in huge tents. Cut down on corruption, cut of special privilege, updated taxes, and gave Cleveland a reputation as the country’s best governed city. Turned towards public ownership of gas, electricity, water, and transportation.
|
|
|
Joe Cannon-
|
“Uncle Joe” had been setting House procedures, appointing committees, dictating legislation, opposing reform. Taft attempted to curb his power; Cannon retaliated and forced a compromise
|
|
|
Federal Trade Commission-
|
Oversaw business methods. Composed of 5 members, the commission could demand special and annual reports, investigate complaints, and order corporate compliance, subject to court review
|
|
|
Interstate Commerce Commission
|
Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, and Mann Elkins Act all gave the ICC various powers and benefits
|
|
|
Keating –Owens Act
|
First federal child labor law, prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under the age of 14, and expanded the authority of the federal government. President Woodrow Wilson first backed this law to limit child labor in 1916. Supreme Court overturned it in Hammer v. Davenhart
|
|
|
1910 midterm elections-
|
Taft attempted to defeat the progressive Republicans. These elections resulted in a major setback for Taft and the Republicans, especially conservative Republicans. The high cost of living was a key issue and gave an edge to the progressive wings in both major parties. In party primaries- progressive Republicans overwhelmed most Taft candidates. In the general elections-tended to fare better than the conservatives. Republicans lost control of both the House and the Senate.
|
|
|
1912 Presidential election
|
Fight between Taft and Roosevelt for Republican nominee. Woodrow Wilson elected as Democrat nominee. Taft was out of the running before the election began. Roosevelt proposed New Nationalism while Taft set forth a program called New Freedom. Between these two, this election offered competing philosophies of government. Both had similar views; economic growth and its effect on individuals and society was central problem, focused on government’s relation to business, believed in bureaucratic reform, wanted to use government to protect citizen. However, Teddy welcomed federal power, national planning, and business growth while Wilson distrusted them all. Wilson triumphed; Democrats won outright control of both houses
|
|
|
1902 Coal Strike-
|
United Mine workers demanded wage increases, and eight-hour workday, and company recognition of the union. Coal companies refused and on Mat 1902, 140,000 minors walked of the job and mines closed
|
|
|
John Dewey-
|
Most influential educator of the Progressive Era, applied pragmatism to educational reform. Argued that thought evolves in relation to the environment and that education is directly related to experience. Founded a separate School of Pedagogy at the University of Chicago. Introduced an educational revolution that stressed children’s needs and capabilities. Wrote School and Society and Democracy and Education. Opposed memorization, rote learning, and dogmatic, authoritarian teaching methods. Emphasized personal growth, free inquiry, and creativity
|
|
|
Robert Lafollette –
|
Most famous reform governor. Supported the tariff and other Republican doctrines. Put together the “Wisconsin Idea.”
|
|
|
Thorstein Veblen-
|
Social critic who saw economic laws as a mask for human greed. He analyzed the “predatory wealth” and “conspicuous consumption” of the business class in The Theory of the Leisure Class
|
|
|
Dr. Alice Hamilton-
|
Illustrated that members of the professions had a major impact on the era. Devoted her life to helping the less fortunate. Chose to pursue in the career of medicine and did work wherever she found illness around the Hull House
|
|
|
Progressive Party-
|
AKA Bull Moose Party, this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party’s nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.
|
|
|
Conservation-
|
As President, Teddy Roosevelt made this principle one of his administrations top goals. Conservation in his view aimed at protecting the nation’s natural resources, but called for the wise use of them rather than locking them away. Roosevelt’s policies were opposed by those who favored preservation of the wilderness over its development
|
|
|
Federal Reserve Act-
|
One of the most important laws in the history of the country ,this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today
|
