Chapter 23

Front 1

Flowering plants consist of what two systems?

Back 1

-Root system
-Shoot system

Front 2

Dermal tissue system

Back 2

Forms the covering of the plant body

Front 3

Ground tissue system

Back 3

Makes up most of the young plant body

Front 4

Vascular tissue system

Back 4

Consists of xylem and phloem

Front 5

Three purposes of roots

Back 5

-Anchorage
-Absorption
-Storage

Front 6

Primary growth causes:

Back 6

roots to elongate

Front 7

Epidermis of the root is:

Back 7

very permeable to water

Front 8

Cortex

Back 8

Makes up much of the interior of a young root

Front 9

The vascular cylinder contains:

Back 9

conducting tissues

Front 10

Goal of stems:

Back 10

reach for light

Front 11

Four types of tissue in stem:

Back 11

-Epidermis (dermal tissue)
-Cortex (ground tissue)
-Pith (ground tissue)
-Vascular tissues

Front 12

Apical meristem (def)

Back 12

The cluster of cells at the tip of a young shoot from which stems develop. Lies within the TERMINAL BUD

Front 13

Lateral buds (def)

Back 13

The cluster of cells at the node of a stem that can grow into branches

Front 14

The cortex and pith perform three major functions:

Back 14

-Support (turgor pressure)
-Storage (starch from parenchyma cells)
-Photosynthesis (chloroplasts in cortex)

Front 15

Secondary growth produces:

Back 15

Thicker, stronger stems

Front 16

Two major parts of leaves:

Back 16

-Blades (flat portion)
-Petioles (stalk)

Front 17

Sapwood (def)

Back 17

Young xylem that transports water and minerals

Front 18

Heartwood (def)

Back 18

Older xylem that contributes only to the strength of the trunk and no longer carries water and solutes

Front 19

Xylem (def)

Back 19

Transports water and minerals from root to shoot

Front 20

Phloem (def)

Back 20

Transports a concentrated sugar solution up and down the plant (weaker than xylem cells)

Front 21

Tree trunks are made mostly of:

Back 21

secondary xylem (thick cell walls)

Front 22

Barks includes:

Back 22

-Phloem
-Cork cambium
-Cork cells

Front 23

Roots acquire minerals by a four-step process

Back 23

-Active transport into root hairs
-Diffusion through cytoplasm to pericycle cells
-Active transport into the extracellular space of the vascular cylinder
-Diffusion into the xylem

Front 24

Mycorrhizae (def)

Back 24

Symbiotic relationship between land plants and fungi that allow both to receive nutrients

Front 25

Cohesion-tension theory (def)

Back 25

Water is pulled up the xylem, powered by transpirations (evaporation of water from the leaves)

Front 26

Two major parts of the cohesion-tension theory

Back 26

-Cohesion (water molecules held together, forming a solid chainlike column within the xylem tubes)
-Tension ("water chain" is pulled up the xylem using energy from evaporation)

Front 27

Source (def)

Back 27

Any structure that actively synthesizes sugar (phloem fluids flow away)

Front 28

Sink (def)

Back 28

Any structure that uses up sugar or converts sugar to starch (phloem fluids flow toward)

Front 29

Pressure-flow theory (def)

Back 29

Most widely accepted mechanism of sugar transport which relies on differences inhydrostatic pressure to move fluid through sieve tubes

Front 30

Pericycle (def)

Back 30

the outermost layer of cells of the vascular cylinder of a root

Front 31

Abscisic acid (def)

Back 31

A plant hormone that generally inhibits the action of other hormones, enforcing dormancy in seeds and buds and causing the stomata to close

Front 32

Casparian strip (def)

Back 32

A waxy, waterproof band, located in the cell walls between endodermal cells in a root, that prevents the movement of water and minerals into and out of the vascular sylinder through the extracellular space

Front 33

Collenchyma (def)

Back 33

An elongated, polygonal plant cell type with irregularly thickened primary cell walls

Front 34

Companion cell (def)

Back 34

A cell adjacent to a sieve-tube element inphloem, involved in the control and nutrition of the sieve-tube element

Front 35

Endodermis(def)

Back 35

The innermost layer of small, close-fitting cells of the cortex of a root that form a ring around the vascular cylinder

Front 36

Leaf primordium (def)

Back 36

A cluster of meristem cells, located at the node of a stem, that develops into a leaf

Front 37

Parenchyma (def)

Back 37

A plant cell type with thin primary cell walls that carries out most of the plant metabolism (most dividing meristem cells in a plant)

Front 38

Periderm (def)

Back 38

The outer cell layers of roots and a stem that have undergone secondary growth, consisteing primarily of cork cambium and cork cells

Front 39

Root cap (def)

Back 39

A cluster of cells at the tip of a growing root that protects the growing tip from damage

Front 40

Sclerenchyma (def)

Back 40

A plant cell type with thick, hardened secondary cell walls that both supports and protects the plant body

Front 41

Tracheid (def)

Back 41

An elongated xylem cell with tapering ends that contains pits in the cell wall; forms tubes that transport water

Front 42

Vascular cambium (def)

Back 42

A lateral meristem located between the xylem and phloem of a woody root or stem and that gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem