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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
acetylcholine (ACh) |
A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
actin
|
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin
|
|
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agonist
|
The muscle that carries out a given movement; prime mover
|
|
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
|
A disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease
|
|
|
antagonist
|
The muscle that opposes an agonist (prime mover); it must relax when the agonist contracts
|
|
|
antiinflammatory agent
|
Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as cortisone, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs"
|
|
|
aponeurosis
|
A flat, white, sheetlike tendon that connects a muscle with the part that it moves"
|
|
|
asterixis
|
Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused by intermittent loss of muscle tone"
|
|
|
asthenia
|
Weakness (prefix a- meaning "without" with root sthen/o meaning "strength")
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|
|
ataxia
|
Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/o meaning "order, arrangement"); adjective: ataxic"
|
|
|
athetosis
|
A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movements, especially in the hands and fingers; adjective: athetotic"
|
|
|
atrophy
|
A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as the wasting of muscle from disuse"
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|
|
avulsion
|
Forcible tearing away of a part
|
|
|
cardiac muscle
|
Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the heart
|
|
|
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
|
A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue, along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may be virally induced"
|
|
|
Chvostek sign
|
Spasm of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve; evidence of tetany
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|
|
clonus
|
Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle; adjective: clonic
|
|
|
contracture
|
Permanent contraction of a muscle
|
|
|
COX-2 inhibitor
|
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that does not cause the stomach problems associated with other NSAIDs. Inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack of which can cause stomach ulcers. Some of these drugs have been withdrawn from the market because of cardiac risk. Example is celecoxib (Celebrex)"
|
|
|
creatine
|
A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction
|
|
|
creatine kinase (CK)
|
An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum level of CK increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
|
|
|
dermatomyositis
|
A disease of unknown origin involving inflammation of muscles as well as dermatitis and skin rashes
|
|
|
electromyography (EMG)
|
Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction
|
|
|
erg/o
|
work
|
|
|
fasci/o
|
fascia
|
|
|
fascia
|
The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o); plural: fasciae
|
|
|
fascicle
|
A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers"
|
|
|
fasciculation
|
Involuntary small contractions or twitching of muscle fiber groups (fasciculi)
|
|
|
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
|
A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause
|
|
|
fibromyositis
|
A nonspecific term for pain, tenderness, and stiffness in muscles and joints"
|
|
|
fibrositis
|
Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, especially the muscle fasciae; marked by pain and stiffness"
|
|
|
glycogen
|
A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscles and in the liver
|
|
|
in/o
|
fiber
|
|
|
insertion
|
In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton"
|
|
|
isometric
|
Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does not shorten (literally: same measurement)
|
|
|
isotonic
|
Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens to accomplish movement (literally: same tone)
|
|
|
kin/o-, kine, kinesi/o, kinet/o"
|
movement
|
|
|
kinesthesia
|
Awareness of movement; perception of the weight, direction, and degree of movement (-esthesia means "sensation")"
|
|
|
lactic acid
|
An acid produced in muscle cells that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without enough oxygen (anaerobically), as in times of great physical exertion"
|
|
|
motor unit
|
A single motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that its branches stimulate
|
|
|
muscle
|
An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs (root: my/o, muscul/o)"
|
|
|
muscle relaxant
|
A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to relax muscles during surgery, to control spasticity, or to relieve musculoskeletal pain"
|
|
|
muscul/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
muscular dystrophy
|
A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles
|
|
|
my/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
myasthenia gravis (MG)
|
A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
|
|
|
myoglobin
|
A pigment similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in muscle cells
|
|
|
myosin
|
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin
|
|
|
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
|
The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell"
|
|
|
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
|
Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation"
|
|
|
occupational therapy
|
Health profession concerned with increasing function and preventing disability through work and play activities. The goal of occupational therapy is to increase the patient's independence and quality of daily life
|
|
|
origin
|
In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton"
|
|
|
physical therapy
|
Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability. Exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement"
|
|
|
polymyositis
|
A disease of unknown cause involving muscle inflammation and weakness
|
|
|
repetitive strain injury
|
Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome"
|
|
|
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
|
Uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness in the legs that occurs after going to bed and often leading to insomnia; may be caused by poor circulation or drug side effects"
|
|
|
rhabdomyolysis
|
An acute disease involving diffuse destruction of skeletal muscle cells (root rhabd/o means "rod," referring to the long, rodlike muscle cells)"
|
|
|
rhabdomyoma
|
A benign tumor of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
rhabdomyosarcoma
|
A highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
rheumatism
|
A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with pain in joints (adjective: rheumatic, rheumatoid)"
|
|
|
rheumatology
|
The study and treatment of rheumatic diseases
|
|
|
skeletal muscle
|
Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture
|
|
|
smooth muscle
|
Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle"
|
|
|
spasm
|
A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic (contraction alternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painful spasm may be called a cramp (adjectives, spastic, spasmodic)"
|
|
|
spasticity
|
Increased tone or contractions of muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
|
|
|
sprain
|
Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture"
|
|
|
strain
|
Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if severe, may involve tearing of muscle, bleeding, or separation of muscle from its tendon or separation of a tendon from bone"
|
|
|
synergist
|
A muscle that assists an agonist to produce a given movement
|
|
|
ten/o, tendin/o"
|
tendon
|
|
|
tendinitis
|
Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis"
|
|
|
tendon
|
A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (root: ten/o, tendin/o)"
|
|
|
tenosynovitis
|
Inflammation of a tendon sheath
|
|
|
tetanus
|
An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani. It is marked by persistent painful spasms of voluntary muscles; lockjaw
|
|
|
tetany
|
A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching caused by a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium caused by underactivity of the parathyroid glands"
|
|
|
ton/o
|
tone
|
|
|
tonus
|
A state of steady, partial contraction of muscle that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)"
|
|
|
torticollis
|
Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; wryneck
|
|
|
Trousseau sign
|
Spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying a muscle; seen in tetany |
|
|
acetylcholine (ACh)
|
A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
actin
|
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin
|
|
|
agonist
|
The muscle that carries out a given movement; prime mover
|
|
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
|
A disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons resulting in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease
|
|
|
antagonist
|
The muscle that opposes an agonist (prime mover); it must relax when the agonist contracts
|
|
|
antiinflammatory agent
|
Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as cortisone, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs"
|
|
|
aponeurosis
|
A flat, white, sheetlike tendon that connects a muscle with the part that it moves"
|
|
|
asterixis
|
Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused by intermittent loss of muscle tone"
|
|
|
asthenia
|
Weakness (prefix a- meaning "without" with root sthen/o meaning "strength")
|
|
|
ataxia
|
Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/o meaning "order, arrangement"); adjective: ataxic"
|
|
|
athetosis
|
A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movements, especially in the hands and fingers; adjective: athetotic"
|
|
|
atrophy
|
A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as the wasting of muscle from disuse"
|
|
|
avulsion
|
Forcible tearing away of a part
|
|
|
cardiac muscle
|
Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the heart
|
|
|
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
|
A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue, along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may be virally induced"
|
|
|
Chvostek sign
|
Spasm of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve; evidence of tetany
|
|
|
clonus
|
Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle; adjective: clonic
|
|
|
contracture
|
Permanent contraction of a muscle
|
|
|
COX-2 inhibitor
|
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that does not cause the stomach problems associated with other NSAIDs. Inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack of which can cause stomach ulcers. Some of these drugs have been withdrawn from the market because of cardiac risk. Example is celecoxib (Celebrex)"
|
|
|
creatine
|
A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction
|
|
|
creatine kinase (CK)
|
An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum level of CK increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
|
|
|
dermatomyositis
|
A disease of unknown origin involving inflammation of muscles as well as dermatitis and skin rashes
|
|
|
electromyography (EMG)
|
Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction
|
|
|
erg/o
|
work
|
|
|
fasci/o
|
fascia
|
|
|
fascia
|
The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin (root: fasci/o); plural: fasciae
|
|
|
fascicle
|
A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers"
|
|
|
fasciculation
|
Involuntary small contractions or twitching of muscle fiber groups (fasciculi)
|
|
|
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
|
A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and stiffness and having no known cause
|
|
|
fibromyositis
|
A nonspecific term for pain, tenderness, and stiffness in muscles and joints"
|
|
|
fibrositis
|
Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, especially the muscle fasciae; marked by pain and stiffness"
|
|
|
glycogen
|
A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscles and in the liver
|
|
|
in/o
|
fiber
|
|
|
insertion
|
In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton"
|
|
|
isometric
|
Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does not shorten (literally: same measurement)
|
|
|
isotonic
|
Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens to accomplish movement (literally: same tone)
|
|
|
kin/o-, kine, kinesi/o, kinet/o"
|
movement
|
|
|
kinesthesia
|
Awareness of movement; perception of the weight, direction, and degree of movement (-esthesia means "sensation")"
|
|
|
lactic acid
|
An acid produced in muscle cells that accumulates in muscle cells functioning without enough oxygen (anaerobically), as in times of great physical exertion"
|
|
|
motor unit
|
A single motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that its branches stimulate
|
|
|
muscle
|
An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs (root: my/o, muscul/o)"
|
|
|
muscle relaxant
|
A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to relax muscles during surgery, to control spasticity, or to relieve musculoskeletal pain"
|
|
|
muscul/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
muscular dystrophy
|
A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles
|
|
|
my/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
myasthenia gravis (MG)
|
A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness; an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
|
|
|
myoglobin
|
A pigment similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in muscle cells
|
|
|
myosin
|
One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin
|
|
|
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
|
The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell"
|
|
|
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
|
Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins, naturally produced substances that promote inflammation"
|
|
|
occupational therapy
|
Health profession concerned with increasing function and preventing disability through work and play activities. The goal of occupational therapy is to increase the patient's independence and quality of daily life
|
|
|
origin
|
In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton"
|
|
|
physical therapy
|
Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and prevention of disability. Exercise, massage, and other therapeutic methods are used to restore proper movement"
|
|
|
polymyositis
|
A disease of unknown cause involving muscle inflammation and weakness
|
|
|
repetitive strain injury
|
Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing, painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury, cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome"
|
|
|
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
|
Uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness in the legs that occurs after going to bed and often leading to insomnia; may be caused by poor circulation or drug side effects"
|
|
|
rhabdomyolysis
|
An acute disease involving diffuse destruction of skeletal muscle cells (root rhabd/o means "rod," referring to the long, rodlike muscle cells)"
|
|
|
rhabdomyoma
|
A benign tumor of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
rhabdomyosarcoma
|
A highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
|
|
|
rheumatism
|
A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles associated with pain in joints (adjective: rheumatic, rheumatoid)"
|
|
|
rheumatology
|
The study and treatment of rheumatic diseases
|
|
|
skeletal muscle
|
Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture
|
|
|
smooth muscle
|
Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the hollow organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle"
|
|
|
spasm
|
A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic (contraction alternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painful spasm may be called a cramp (adjectives, spastic, spasmodic)"
|
|
|
spasticity
|
Increased tone or contractions of muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
|
|
|
sprain
|
Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture"
|
|
|
strain
|
Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if severe, may involve tearing of muscle, bleeding, or separation of muscle from its tendon or separation of a tendon from bone"
|
|
|
synergist
|
A muscle that assists an agonist to produce a given movement
|
|
|
ten/o, tendin/o"
|
tendon
|
|
|
tendinitis
|
Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis"
|
|
|
tendon
|
A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (root: ten/o, tendin/o)"
|
|
|
tenosynovitis
|
Inflammation of a tendon sheath
|
|
|
tetanus
|
An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani. It is marked by persistent painful spasms of voluntary muscles; lockjaw
|
|
|
tetany
|
A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching caused by a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium caused by underactivity of the parathyroid glands"
|
|
|
ton/o
|
tone
|
|
|
tonus
|
A state of steady, partial contraction of muscle that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)"
|
|
|
torticollis
|
Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and twisting of the neck; wryneck
|
|
|
Trousseau sign
|
Spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying a muscle; seen in tetany |
